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2. Reading
According to Mitchell 1982, the definition of reading is to understand a text
as reader‟s capability. He also adds that a successful reader has ability to comprehend a text and can integrate the purpose in each sentence p. 1.
Additionally, Wallace 1992 states that reading is a knowledge on how to use the language itself, such as reading for purpose and reading for understanding the
context p. 3. Again, Wallace 1992 also adds that there are three reading purposes; they are reading for survival, learning and pleasure. Reading for
survival means to give reaction in society. Reading for learning means to learn and get knowledge from reading text. And the last, reading for pleasure produces
fluency such as speed reading and simplify reading p. 4. Therefore, this research refers to the reading for purpose by providing reading for learning so that the
students may learn from the given text and have a life value.
3. Types of Reading
According to Brown 2004, there are four types of reading perfomance; they are perceptive, selective, interactive and extensive reading. The purpose of
perceptive reading is to broaden the reading categories in a set of listening comprehension. The purpose of selective reading is
to discover one‟s reading recognition of lexical, and grammatical. The purpose of interactive reading is to
negotiate the meaning of a text. And the last, the purpose of extensive reading provides with a longer text than usual. The aim of giving longer text is to practice
students‟ reading comprehension and understanding p. 189.
15 The researcher also integrates both selective reading and interactive
reading as the types of reading text. Firstly, the researcher chooses selective reading to ensure
students‟ reading acknowledgement includes lexical, grammar, and short reading text. Secondly, the researcher selects interactive reading to
interact a reading text by finding the meaning. The texts can be narrative, descriptive, procedure, recount, expository, announcement, memo, news report
and suchlike. Therefore, this research refers to the combination of both selective reading and interactive reading as the types of reading.
4. Assessing Reading
a. Reliability
Brown 2004 states a reliable test should be consistent and dependable with the issue by considering some factors. The researcher takes reliability in
designing the reading exercises with up-to-date topicsissues. Therefore, this research refers to the reliability by providing topic in each unit and the reading
exercises are designed using multiple choices, matching tasks, and crossword puzzles p. 20.
b. Validity
Gronlund 1998 defines validity as “the extent to which inferences made
from assessment results are appropriate, meaningful, and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment” as cited in Brown, 2004, p. 22. Again, Brown 2004
defines the term of validity as the degree to which a test measures and what it claims to be assessed. And then, he also mentions that there are five steps of
evidence validity. They are content-related evidencecontent validity, criterion-
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