Research Problems Problem Limitation

7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter II discusses the theories related to the study. It consists of two main parts: theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description includes code-switching, types of code-switching, reasons of code- switching, MasterChef Indonesia, the biography of the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3, qualitative research, and content analysis. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework discusses the application of the theories and reviews in the study.

A. Theoretical Description

Theoretical description gives explanation of the information and theories which are relevant to this research. It includes the information on code-switching, types of code-switching, reasons of code-switching, MasterChef Indonesia and biography of the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3.

1. Code-switching

According to Clyne 1972, code switching is a change by a speaker or writer from one language or language variety to another one. It can also take place when two people are having a conversation in different languages. Belazi, Rubin and Toribio, as cited in Bhatia and Ritchie 2013, state that code-switching is the alternate use of two or more languages within the same utterance, as illustrated in 1 and 2. 8 1 This morning mi hermano y yo fuimos a comprar some milk. This morning my brother and I went to buy some milk. 2 The student brought the homework para la profesora. The student brought the homework for the teacher. Gumperz 1982 defines code-switching as “the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems”. Based on Fasold 1984, sometimes a person speaks two or more languages and has to choose which one to use. This is one of the major kinds of choice we have to deal with, and is sometimes called code-switching. Gal 1988 provides a bit more explanation on code-switching by stating that code- switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations. Meisel, as cited in Cantone 2007 points out the competence of the speaker both in the pragmatic and grammatical aspects of the language by stating: Code-switching is the ability to select the language according to the interlocutor, the situational context, the topic of conversation, and so forth, and to change languages within an interactional sequence in accordance with sociolinguistic rules and without violating specific grammatical constraints. The following are some examples of code-switching provided by Cantone. 3 A: Do you know Pavarotti’s newest song? B: Yes, I know it. E una bellissima canzone. It is a beautiful song. A: Anche a me piace.qqq Also to me like I it. 4 Oggi Sara era al nuovo negozione, weisst du? Today Sara was at the new shop, you know? 5 Quella situazione era too much per me. That situation was too much for me.