An analysis of code-switching made by the juries of Masterchef Indonesia season 3 grand final.
vii ABSTRACT
Twedrian, Christa Yona. (2014). An Analysis of Code-Switching Made By The Juries of Masterchef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
As an international language, English is widely used across the world. There are many purposes for people to learn English. For instance, some people learn English to get better education while some others search for better job. Therfore, more and more people learn English although it is not their mother tongue. This fact triggers a phenomenon where people tend to mix their language with another language, in this case, English. In Sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is named code-switching. Code-switching is a change by a speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. This phenomenon also occurred in a spectacular television competitive cooking show, MasterChef Indonesia.
There are many occurrences of code-switching done by the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. Identifying their types and reasons were the main purpose of conducting this research.
In this research, content analysis was used. Therefore, the researcher acted as the primary instrument. In addition, a checklist was also used to aid the researcher in conducting the research. She made the transcript of the video that she had downloaded, rechecked it to minimize any inaccuracy possibly happened and then classified the data according to their types and reasons.
The result of the research showed that mostly the code-switching occurred during the 26 minute video of the first round belonged to intra-sentential type. It means that most of the code-switching occurred within a sentence. For the next categorization, the study reveals that most of the code-switching occurred due to the status of the speakers, which were the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. There were also some other findings that the researcher discovered. She found that the English words found in the code-switching occurrences type intra-sentential were in the form of content words, namely noun, pronoun, adjective, verb and adverb. Also, the juries did not only switch their code to English, but also to some other language like Thai and Japanese. However, the juries also made some grammatical mistakes when they tried to switch the code they used.
(2)
viii
ABSTRAK
Twedrian, Christa Yona. (2014). An Analysis of Code-Switching Made By The Juries of Masterchef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Sebagai bahasa internasional, Bahasa Inggris banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia. Orang-orang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris dengan berbagai tujuan. Contohnya, sebagian dari mereka mempelajari Bahasa Inggris untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang lebih baik, sementara yang lainnya bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang lebih baik. Sebagai dampaknya, semakin banyak orang yang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris walaupun itu bukanlah bahasa ibu mereka. Hal ini memicu terjadinya sebuah fenomena linguistik di mana orang-orang cenderung mencampur bahasa yang mereka gunakan dengan bahasa lain, dalam hal ini, Bahasa Inggris. Dalam Sosiolinguistik, fenomena ini dinamai alihkode. Alihkode adalah perubahan yang dilakukan oleh pembicara (atau penulis) dari satu bahasa atau jenis bahasa ke bahasa atau jenis bahasa lain. Fenomena ini juga dapat ditemukan dalam program televisi MasterChef Indonesia.
Terdapat banyak alihkode yang dilakukan oleh tiga juri MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. Tujuan diadakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe dan alasan dilakukannya fenomena alihkode.
Konten analisis digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Karena itulah, penulis berperan sebagai instrumen utama. Selain itu, metode checklist juga dipakai untuk memudahkan penulis dalam penelitiannya. Penulis membuat transkrip dari video yang sudah diunduh, mengecek ulang data yang terkumpul untuk meminimalisir kesalahan dan kemudian mengklasifikasikan setiap data ke dalam tipe dan alasannya masing-masing.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas alihkode yang terjadi dalam video yang berdurasi 26 menit tersebut termasuk dalam tipe intra-sentential. Hal ini berarti kebanyakan dari alihkode tersebut terjadi di dalam satu kalimat. Untuk pengklasifikasian berikutnya, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa alihkode yang terjadi kebanyakan disebabkan oleh status dari pembicaranya, yang adalah juri-juri Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. Selain itu, penulis juga menemukan bahwa kata-kata dalam Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan dalam alihkode bertipe intra-sentential berjenis content words, yaitu kata benda, kata sifat, kata kerja, dan kata keterangan. Para juri juga tidak hanya melakukan alihkode ke dalam Bahasa Inggris, tetapi juga ke bahasa lain seperti Bahasa Thailand dan Bahasa Jepang. Selain itu, para juri juga melakukan kesalahan tata bahasa saat mereka melakukan fenomena alihkode tersebut.
(3)
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING MADE BY THE JURIES
OF MASTERCHEF INDONESIA SEASON 3 GRAND FINAL
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Christa Yona Twedrian Student Number: 101214138
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2014
(4)
i
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING MADE BY THE JURIES
OF MASTERCHEF INDONESIA SEASON 3 GRAND FINAL
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Christa Yona Twedrian Student Number: 101214138
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2014
(5)
(6)
(7)
iv I have fought the good fight,
I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. (2 Timothy 4:7 NIV)
For my loved ones:
Gunanto
Endah Tawang Adriani
Christa Adrianto Perdana
Karen Shirota
Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord
foreasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain
in the Lord. (1 Corinthians 15:58 KJV)
(8)
(9)
(10)
vii ABSTRACT
Twedrian, Christa Yona. (2014). An Analysis of Code-Switching Made By The Juries of Masterchef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
As an international language, English is widely used across the world. There are many purposes for people to learn English. For instance, some people learn English to get better education while some others search for better job. Therfore, more and more people learn English although it is not their mother tongue. This fact triggers a phenomenon where people tend to mix their language with another language, in this case, English. In Sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is named code-switching. Code-switching is a change by a speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. This phenomenon also occurred in a spectacular television competitive cooking show, MasterChef Indonesia.
There are many occurrences of code-switching done by the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. Identifying their types and reasons were the main purpose of conducting this research.
In this research, content analysis was used. Therefore, the researcher acted as the primary instrument. In addition, a checklist was also used to aid the researcher in conducting the research. She made the transcript of the video that she had downloaded, rechecked it to minimize any inaccuracy possibly happened and then classified the data according to their types and reasons.
The result of the research showed that mostly the code-switching occurred during the 26 minute video of the first round belonged to intra-sentential type. It means that most of the code-switching occurred within a sentence. For the next categorization, the study reveals that most of the code-switching occurred due to the status of the speakers, which were the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. There were also some other findings that the researcher discovered. She found that the English words found in the code-switching occurrences type intra-sentential were in the form of content words, namely noun, pronoun, adjective, verb and adverb. Also, the juries did not only switch their code to English, but also to some other languages like Thai and Japanese. However, the juries also made some grammatical mistakes when they tried to switch the code they used.
(11)
viii
ABSTRAK
Twedrian, Christa Yona. (2014). An Analysis of Code-Switching Made By The Juries of Masterchef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Sebagai bahasa internasional, Bahasa Inggris banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia. Orang-orang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris dengan berbagai tujuan. Contohnya, sebagian dari mereka mempelajari Bahasa Inggris untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang lebih baik, sementara yang lainnya bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang lebih baik. Sebagai dampaknya, semakin banyak orang yang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris walaupun itu bukanlah bahasa ibu mereka. Hal ini memicu terjadinya sebuah fenomena linguistik di mana orang-orang cenderung mencampur bahasa yang mereka gunakan dengan bahasa lain, dalam hal ini, Bahasa Inggris. Dalam Sosiolinguistik, fenomena ini dinamai alihkode. Alihkode adalah perubahan yang dilakukan oleh pembicara (atau penulis) dari satu bahasa atau jenis bahasa ke bahasa atau jenis bahasa lain. Fenomena ini juga dapat ditemukan dalam program televisi MasterChef Indonesia.
Terdapat banyak alihkode yang dilakukan oleh tiga juri MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. Tujuan diadakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe dan alasan dilakukannya fenomena alihkode.
Konten analisis digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Karena itulah, penulis berperan sebagai instrumen utama. Selain itu, metode checklist juga dipakai untuk memudahkan penulis dalam penelitiannya. Penulis membuat transkrip dari video yang sudah diunduh, mengecek ulang data yang terkumpul untuk meminimalisir kesalahan dan kemudian mengklasifikasikan setiap data ke dalam tipe dan alasannya masing-masing.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas alihkode yang terjadi dalam video yang berdurasi 26 menit tersebut termasuk dalam tipe intra-sentential. Hal ini berarti kebanyakan dari alihkode tersebut terjadi di dalam satu kalimat. Untuk pengklasifikasian berikutnya, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa alihkode yang terjadi kebanyakan disebabkan oleh status dari pembicaranya, yang adalah juri-juri Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. Selain itu, penulis juga menemukan bahwa kata-kata dalam Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan dalam alihkode bertipe intra-sentential berjenis content words, yaitu kata benda, kata sifat, kata kerja, dan kata keterangan. Para juri juga tidak hanya melakukan alihkode ke dalam Bahasa Inggris, tetapi juga ke bahasa lain seperti Bahasa Thailand dan Bahasa Jepang. Selain itu, para juri juga melakukan kesalahan tata bahasa saat mereka melakukan fenomena alihkode tersebut.
(12)
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to send my gratitude to Jesus Christ for blessing me with ultimate willing to finish this thesis, courage to face the problems arose when working on it and perseverance to undergo every step of its making. I would also like to thank Him for sending the people who supported me during the making of my thesis:
First, I would like to thank my sponsor, Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum. for giving me many epiphanies and sharing her knowledge. I salute her patience and willingness during my thesis consultations. May God bless her abundantly.
Second, I would like to thank all lecturers and staff of English Language Education who have shared immense amount of knowledge and life lessons during my study. Hopefully I would be able to pass the knowledge to my surroundings in the future.
Third, I would like to thank my beloved parents, Gunanto and Endah Tawang Adriani, and my brother, Christa Adrianto Perdana, for their prayer and support throughout my life. Without them I would not be what I am now.
Fourth, I would like to thank the students of English Language Education Batch 2010, especially Class C. I would like to send my special thanks to Elizabeth Ratri Dian Jati (Ntrong), Agatha Dwi Ira Davina (Nyem), Emmanuella Venni Pangestu (Peni), Melisa Setyawan (Cha Cha), Maria Agnes Evata Agustianie (Maria), Theresia Theodora Bengan Ola (Ria), Laurensia Prista Karina (Prista), Yosafat Anggun Wahyu Purnomo Sidi Subagyo (Yos), Heribertus Hercules Anggi Oktorio (Aik), Ardhian Listyarian (Ardhi) and Bayu Pamungkas (Bayu). I thank them for the time, smiles, laughter and tears we shared. My four and a half years of university life would not be this colorful without them.
(13)
x
Fifth, I would like to thank Marianne Wiguna (Che Che), my best friend. Despite many differences we have, I am very grateful that God sent her to my life to become my sister. I thank her for her support, patience and wisdom whenever I have problems and act like a kid.
Sixth, I would like to thank Anastasia Christie Marilyn (Kutu), my housemate during my four-year stay in Yogyakarta. I thank her for the support, laughter, stories and food we shared.
Seventh, I would like to thank my host family in Sewukan, Muntilan. I thank them for providing a warm shelter as well as sweet escape from the complication of university and city life. My prayers and thoughts be with them all. There are many other people besides the ones I mentioned above whose contributions to my thesis finishing are countless. I thank them all. May God bless them all with huge joy throughout their lives.
(14)
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Problems ... 3
C. Problem Limitation ... 3
D. Research Objectives ... 3
E. Research Benefits ... 4
F. Definition of Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7
A. Theoretical Description ... 7
1. Code-switching ... 7
(15)
xii
3. Reasons of Code-switching ... 12
4. MasterChef Indonesia ... 14
5. The Biography of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Juries ... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ... 17
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19
A. Research Method ... 19
B. Research Setting ... 22
C. Research Subjects ... 22
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ... 22
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 23
F. Research Procedure ... 25
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 30
A.The Types of Code-switching found in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final ... 30
1. Inter-sentential Code-switching Found in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final... 31
2. Intra-sentential Code switching Found in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final... 33
B. The Reasons of Code-switching Done by the Juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final ... 38
1. Social status of the speaker ... 38
2. The choice of the topic ... 40
3. Affective function ... 41
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ... 43
(16)
xiii
B. Recommendations ... 44
C. Implications ... 45
REFERENCES ... 46
(17)
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 3.1 A Sample Checklist of the Code-switching Types ... 26 Table 3.2 A Sample Checklist of the Reasons of Code-switching ... 27 Table 4.1 The Number and Percentage of Inter-sentential
and Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases ... 30 Table 4.2 The Number and Percentage of the Reasons
(18)
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
Appendix 1: The Transcription of the Video ... 48 Appendix 2: The Categorization of the Code-switching Type ... 54 Appendix 3: The Categorization of the Reasons of Doing
(19)
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Chapter I provides the introduction of the topic. It covers research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
No one doubts that English is an international language. English is the fourth most widely spoken native language in the world, and in terms of sheer number of speakers, it is the most spoken official language in the world. It is used as a bridge for people who speak different languages. People learn English for many purposes. Some people want to get better jobs, some to get into college, and probably others want to master it just in case they need to communicate with people who do not speak their language. Learning English is so important that inadequately developed English language skills have been associated with lower GPAs, repeating grades, and low graduation rates (Ruiz-de-Velasco & Fix, 2000; Suárez-Orozco & Suárez-Orozco, 2001). Thus, in the countries where English is not spoken as the first language like Indonesia, English is taught at a very early
stage of schools. In the researcher’s time, English was taught in the third year of
primary school. Nowadays, more and more schools teach English starting from kindergarten. English is not the mother tongue of most Indonesians. On the
(20)
school life, many Indonesians are more exposed to English rather than Indonesian. Thus, they tend to use English words in their conversation. Sometimes they speak in Indonesian, but in a certain situation, they switch the language and use English words instead. This phenomenon is called code-switching. Code-switching is a change by a speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. Code switching can take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a different language. A person may start speaking one language and then change to another one in the middle of their speech, or sometimes even in the middle of sentence (Richards, Platt & Platt, 1992).
This kind of linguistics phenomenon also happens in a cooking show named MasterChef Indonesia (MCI), especially in the Grand Final of the third season. This television competitive cooking show is originally created in United Kingdom by Franc Roddam in July 1990. As time goes by, the show format has been exported around the world and produced in more than 35 countries under the same logo. MCI has been started in 2011 and in 2013, it has reached the third season. Juries are essential part of any competition, including MCI. In the third season, MCI had three juries. They were Rinrin Marinka, Degan Septoadji, and Arnold Poernomo. Since many culinary words are not Indonesian, code-switching sometimes occurred in those three juries speech. This phenomenon attracted the researcher’s interest to find out the types and reasons of code-switching done by the juries of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3.
(21)
The researcher chose MasterChef Indonesia because when she watched the competition on television, she observed that the juries made use of code-switching relatively frequently, especially for the culinary terms. Season 3 was chosen because at the moment she was about to conduct the research in 2013, MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 was the newest season.
To see the further explanation of the code switching done by the juries of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3, this thesis discusses the types and reasons of code-switching.
B. Research Problems
In this research, the researcher addresses the following two questions: 1. What are the type distributions of code-switching occurred in the first round of
Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3?
2. What are the reasons for the code-switchings done by the juries of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 during the first round?
C. Problem Limitation
In the Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3, the juries made some code-switchings not only when the contestants were cooking the dishes, but also when the juries were commenting on the contestants’ dishes. Hence, this research only focused on the code-switching done by the juries in the first round of Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 as shown in the 26 minute video. The juries were Rinrin Marinka, Degan Septoadji and Arnold Poernomo.
(22)
The researcher collected the data by making the transcript of the first round of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 video. The analysis was based on the code-switching done by the juries.
D. Research Objectives
Since the research was conducted in order to answer the problems, at the end of the research, the researcher expected that she would reach the following objectives:
1. To find out the type distribution of code-switchings done by the juries of Grand Final MCI Season 3.
2. To find out the reasons of the code-switchings done by the juries of Grand Final MCI Season 3.
E. Research Benefits
This research was conducted with the aim to give beneficial information to:
1. PBI Students
This research is expected to help PBI students who are interested in understanding code-switching and the reasons of why people code-switch. By reading this research, PBI students may deepen their understanding about the types of code-switching as well as the reasons of doing it.
(23)
2. Teachers
By reading and understanding this research, teachers would acknowledge that there is a phenomenon called code-switching and it happens in the real life for some reasons. Hopefully, by carrying this knowledge in mind, there would be no judgment on the use of code-switching.
3. Future Researchers
Future researchers who would like to make a study in the same field may find this thesis handy. This thesis provides information on the code-switching in culinary world. Probably they would like to conduct a study in the same topic but with different points of view and cases.
F. Definition of Terms
The thesis uses some terminologies that are probably unfamiliar for the readers. Thus, the researcher would like to provide the definition of those terminologies.
1. Code-switching
Heller defines code switching as “the use of more than one language in the course of a single communicative episode” (1988:1). In this research, code-switching is a phenomenon where the juries switch their language from Indonesian to any language other than Indonesian. The languages found are mostly English, with few Japanese and Thai influences.
(24)
2. MasterChef Indonesia
MasterChef is a television competitive cooking show which originally created in United Kingdom by Franc Roddam in July 1990. As time goes by, the show format has been exported around the world and produced in more than 35 countries under the same logo. MasterChef Indonesia was started in 2011 and in 2013 it has reached the third season.
3. The Juries
Juries come from the word jury which means a group of people who decide who is the winner of a competition (“Jury”). Juries are important part of any competition, including MasterChef Indonesia. In the third season, MasterChef Indonesia had three juries. They were Rinrin Marinka, Degan Septoadji and Arnold Poernomo.
(25)
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter II discusses the theories related to the study. It consists of two main parts: theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description includes switching, types of switching, reasons of code-switching, MasterChef Indonesia, the biography of the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3, qualitative research, and content analysis. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework discusses the application of the theories and reviews in the study.
A. Theoretical Description
Theoretical description gives explanation of the information and theories which are relevant to this research. It includes the information on code-switching, types of code-switching, reasons of code-switching, MasterChef Indonesia and biography of the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3.
1. Code-switching
According to Clyne (1972), code switching is a change by a speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. It can also take place when two people are having a conversation in different languages. Belazi, Rubin and Toribio, as cited in Bhatia and Ritchie (2013), state that code-switching is the alternate use of two (or more) languages within the same utterance, as illustrated in (1) and (2).
(26)
(1) This morning mi hermano y yo fuimos a comprar some milk. This morning my brother and I went to buy some milk. (2) The student brought the homework para la profesora.
The student brought the homework for the teacher.
Gumperz (1982) defines code-switching as “the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical
systems or subsystems”. Based on Fasold (1984), sometimes a person speaks two or more languages and has to choose which one to use. This is one of the major kinds of choice we have to deal with, and is sometimes called code-switching. Gal (1988) provides a bit more explanation on switching by stating that code-switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations. Meisel, as cited in Cantone (2007) points out the competence of the speaker both in the pragmatic and grammatical aspects of the language by stating:
Code-switching is the ability to select the language according to the interlocutor, the situational context, the topic of conversation, and so forth, and to change languages within an interactional sequence in accordance with sociolinguistic rules and without violating specific grammatical constraints.
The following are some examples of code-switching provided by Cantone. (3) A: Do you know Pavarotti’s newest song?
B: Yes, I know it. E una bellissima canzone. It is a beautiful song.
A: Anche a me piace.qqq Also to me like (I) it.
(4) Oggi Sara era al nuovo negozione, weisst du? Today Sara was at the new shop, you know? (5) Quella situazione era too much per me.
(27)
In (3), the conversation is basically conducted in English and the speakers switch their code into Italian. On the other hand, in (5), the sentence is basically in Italian and the speaker switched it to English in the middle of the sentence. The speaker in (4) uses Italian and then switched to German at the end of the sentence.
2. Types of Code-switching
There are many types of code-switching. Each linguist has his or her own way to classify the code-switching based on its type. Here the researcher presents the types of code-switching based on Hoffman, Wardhaugh and Romaine.
a. Hoffman (1991)
Hoffman (1991: 114) states that, “The two basic types of code-switches are those found across sentence boundaries (inter-sentential) and those occurring inside sentences (intra-sentential).” Here is an example of inter-sentential code-switching given by Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984: 115) as cited by Hoffman:
(2) An adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual:
‘… y si dices “perdon” en castellano, se te vuelve la mujer y te dice:’ (‘…
and if you say “sorry” in Castilian Spanish, the lady turns to you and
says:’)
‘En catala’ (‘In Catalan!’)
Hoffman also presents another example of inter-sentential code-switching from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 181):
(3) An adult Spanish-English bilingual:
‘Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.’
Intra-sentential code-switching occurs when the switch occurs within a single sentence. Fallis, as cited by Hoffman presents an example of intra-sentential code-switching:
(28)
‘I started going like this. Y luego decia (and then he said), look at the
smoke coming out my fingers’
Another example is also provided by Hoffman, citing from Grosjean (1982): (5) A French-English bilingual:
‘Va chercher Marc (go and fetch Marc) and bribe him avec un chocolat chaud (with a hot chocolate) with cream on top’
b. Wardhaugh (1992)
Wardhaugh presents two types of code-switching, namely situational and metaphorical code-switching. When the language used changes according to the situations in which the speakers find themselves, it is called situational code-switching. This type of code-switching does not involve any topic change. On the other hand, when a change of topic requires a change in the languages used, metaphorical code-switching occurs. Although some topics may be discussed in either code, the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic since it encodes certain social values. Metaphorical code-switching also has an affective dimension. It can be used to redefine the situation: formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity.
c. Romaine (1995)
According to Poplack, as cited in Romaine (1995), there are three types of code-switching, namely tag-switching, inter-sentential code-switching and intra-sentential code-switching. Tag-switching involves the insertion of a tag in one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the other language (Romaine, 1995). Tags are subject to minimal syntactic restrictions. Therefore, they may be easily inserted at a number of points in a monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rules. The speaker of the following utterance switches
(29)
the tag from English into Tagalog. The proceedings went smoothly, ba? (The
proceedings went smoothly, didn’t they?)
Inter-sentential code-switching occurs across sentence boundaries. It involves a switch at a clause or sentence boundaries, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. It requires greater fluency in both languages than tag switching because major portions of the utterance must conform to the rules of both languages. An example of inter-sentential code-switching from a Puerto Rican bilingual Spanish/English speech is given by Poplack as cited in Romaine (1995): Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y terminó in espanol. (Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English and finish it in Spanish.)
Intra-sentential code-switching occurs within the clause of sentence boundary. Poplack states that this type of code-switching involves, arguably, the greater syntactic risk, and may be avoided by all but the most fluent bilinguals. The following is an example of intra-sentential code-switching from Romaine (1995) from Tok Pisin/English: What’s so funny? Come, be good. Otherwise, yu bai go long kot. (What’s so funny? Come, be good. Otherwise you’ll go to court.) d. Bhatia and Ritchie (2013)
Sharing the same classification of code-switching according to its types with Hoffman, Bhatia and Ritchie present two types of code-switching, namely intra-sentential code-switching and inter-sentential code-switching. Code-switching in which an alternation occurs below sentential boundaries is known as
(30)
intra-sentential code-switching, whereas switching between sentences is known as inter-sentential code-switching.
3. Reasons of Code-Switching
Reason is a cause or an explanation for something that has happened or that somebody has done. This thesis would like to reveal the reasons of code-switching some words in certain condition. There are two experts stating the reasons of the phenomenon of code-switching.
a. Wardhaugh (2006)
In his book entitled An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Wardhaugh states four reasons why people code-switch.
1) Solidarity
Code-switch can be a symbol of solidarity between the speaker and the listener. For example, a person may code-switch from Indonesian to Sundanese
when she speaks to her Sundanese friend: “Cengekna euweuh. Tadi udah abis.”
(We don’t get the chilly. They are running out of it.) 2) Accommodation to Listeners
Code-switch can also be used to accommodate the listeners. The speaker may understand that his listeners may not have enough competency of the language he uses, so he switches his language to accommodate his listeners. For instance, an English teacher may switch from English to Indonesian when he is
explaining something complicated: “Anybody knows the meaning of coward? Anyone? Yes, it is pengecut.”
(31)
3) Choice of Topic
When one talks about certain topic which is out of the daily conversation, he or she may code-switch because of the choice of topic. For example, a chef may switch from Indonesian to English when it comes to cooking terminology:
“Itu digorengnya sampai dia golden brown, biar warnanya cantik dan crispy.”
4) Perceived Social and Cultural Distance
One may switch code when he feels the social or cultural distance. For example, a Javanese student who usually speaks Javanese with his friends may switch his code from Javanese to Indonesian when he is talking to his teacher. b. Holmes (2001)
In her book entitled An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Holmes states three reasons why people code-switch.
1) Participants, Solidarity and Status
A code-switch may be related to a particular participant or addressee. It can also be a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee. For example, a person mixes Sundanese and Indonesian to greet his friend to
show his solidarity: “Kumaha, damang? Lama ga liat kamu.” (How are you? Long time no see.).
2) Topic
People may switch code when they come to certain topic in the conversation. Usually they switch code when it comes to academic conversation. For example, an English Language Education Study Program student may switch
(32)
argumentative text-nya?” (Have you made the outline for the argumentative text?).
3) Switching for Affective Functions
Holmes (2001) stated that there was a young British Black woman named Polly. She spoke standard English with a West Midlands accent, as well as Patois, a variety of Jamaican Creole. One day her teacher annoyed her by criticizing her study about British West Indians. Her response was to abuse and swear at her teacher in Patois. He was terrified and after that incident, he left her alone. Polly’s switch to Patois was to express affective message. Her teacher did not need to understand the word to get the affective message.
4. MasterChef Indonesia
The thesis is about the code-switchings done by the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. MasterChef is a television competitive cooking show which was originally created in the United Kingdom by Franc Roddam in July 1990. As time goes by, the show format has been exported around the world and produced in more than 35 countries under the same logo. MasterChef Indonesia has been started in 2011 and in 2013 it has reached the third season. In MasterChef, people are challenged to compete like a professional chef. To be the champion of MasterChef Indonesia, one should go through some rounds:
a. Audition
The audition of the MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 was held in five big cities in Indonesia: Bandung (November 26, 2012), Jakarta (December 10, 2012),
(33)
Yogyakarta (December 24, 2012), Denpasar (Desember 31, 2012) and Manado (January 7, 2013).
b. Top 25
From the audition in five big cities in Indonesia, there were 25 contestants chosen to join MasterChef Indonesia, namely: William, Brian, Rissa, Melitta, Nino, Denty, Lius, Tya, Angella, Yogi, Mimi, Kevin, Gilang, Nurul, Patty, Maichel, Revaldi, Gio, Ratna, Ray, Rani, Lilian, Melati, Setiyono and Ernest.
c. Top 10
After some weeks, fifteen of the contestants were eliminated, and the rest were included in the top ten contestants of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3, namely: William, Brian, Rissa, Melitta, Nino, Denty, Lius, Tya, Angella and Yogi.
d. Grand Final
At the end, William and Brian were competing in the Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 to earn the title of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. The winner was William.
5. Brief Biography of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Juries
In the third season of MasterChef Indonesia, there were three juries namely Rinrin Marinka, Degan Septoadji and Arnold Poernomo. Below are short biographies of each jury.
a. Rinrin Marinka
Maria Irene Susanto was born in Jakarta, March 22, 1980. She went to Gandhi International School for her primary and junior high school. Then she
(34)
moved to Pelita Harapan Senior High School. She completed her Art & Design KVB Institute College Certificate IV in Sydney, Australia (1998-1999). She also attended Visual Communication, majoring Fashion Design KVB Institute College Sydney Australia in 1999-2002. To fulfill her thirst of culinary world, she completed her Grand Diploma of French Cuisine & Pattiseire in Le Cordon Bleu Sydney, Australia in September 2002-April 2004. Since she is photogenic and skillful in cooking, she has starred some shows like Kuis Rejeki Ramadhan Sasa, Selebrita Siang, Selamat Pagi, Cooking in Paradise, Sendok Garpu, Sisi Kota and Dunia Laki-Laki. In 2011, she was trusted to become one of the juries of MasterChef Indonesia with Arjuna Rorimpandey and Vindex Tengker. She is the only person who becomes the jury of each season of MasterChef Indonesia.
b. Arnold Poernomo
Arnold Poernomo was born to a man from Surabaya and a woman from Kupang on January 15, 1989. His grandmother owns a restaurant while his mother is a cook. When he was ten, he moved to Sydney with his family. He started his experience by being a dishwasher in a number of restaurants in Sydney. There, he learnt more and more about culinary and became a professional chef. He was once trusted to be a guest chef in some episodes of the MasterChef Indonesia Season 2. He battled with one of the contestants, Vera, in Pro Chef Challenge to cook Seafood Risotto with Basil Oil and Lemon Zest. In 2013, he was trusted to become one of the MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 juries.
(35)
c. Degan Septoadji
Degan Septoadji Supriyadi was born on September 1, 1967 in Jakarta. Although he was born in Indonesia, he was raised in Germany. He once worked for The Jakarta Hilton International, Grand Hyatt, Ritz-Carlton Bali, Atlantis Royal Towers in Bahamas, Melia Bali Villa & Spa Resort and Banyan Tree Group in Thailand. At the age of 45, he was asked to become one of the juries for MasterChef Indonesia Season 2, and again in the next season.
B. Theoretical Framework
In order to answer the questions addressed, the researcher would like to use some relevant theories. To answer the questions, the researcher observed the video and did some content analysis from the transcript she made. To answer the first question, the researcher used the theory from Hoffman. She states that there are two types of switching, namely inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching. Inter-sentential code-switching occurs when the switch happens between sentences. Meanwhile intra-sentential code-switch occurs when the switch happens within a single sentence.
For the second question, the theories used were the combination of theories from Wardhaugh and Holmes. As has been stated above, Wardhaugh has four reasons while Holmes has three reasons of why people code-switch. The researcher would like to take only three of the reasons as the motivation why the juries in the Grand Final MasterChef Season 3 switched their language because from the reasons provided by Holmes and Wardhaugh, only three of them that
(36)
match the reasons of code switching done by the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. The reasons used are as follow:
1. Status
The first reason is proposed by Holmes. Some people code-switch because they are aware of their status. The people whose utterances being researched here are not ordinary people. They are the juries of MasterChef, a well-known cooking show in Indonesia. All of them have experiences living outside Indonesia, which to some people, is considered giving better status to them.
2. Topic
The second reason is from Wardhaugh and Holmes. When people have their daily conversation, they usually talk with their mother language. But when it comes to a certain topic such as academic stuff, or in this case culinary stuff, people would code-switch. Culinary terms mostly do not come from Indonesian language. Some are from English and some are from French. In addition, the three juries are professional chefs who use those culinary terms very frequently especially when they are working in the kitchen. The data of this research were taken from a television competitive cooking show in which the juries needed to use culinary terms to do their job appropriately.
3. Affective Function
The last reason comes from Holmes. One of the reasons why people code-switch is to express affective message. Affective message can be in form of anger, love, jealousy, etc. Since the format of the show is competition, it is very common for the people other than the finalists to give support to the finalists. Therefore,
(37)
there were many verbal support given to the finalists to encourage them to do their best. One of the juries once said, “Let’s go! Let’s go! Let’s go!” instead of using Indonesian words, “Ayo, ayo, ayo!” He wanted to express affective message by using code-switching.
(38)
20
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the methods of the research to answer the problems stated in the first chapter are presented. This chapter consists of the research method, research setting, research subjects, instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
Qualitative research and content analysis were used in this research.
“Quality refers to the what, how, when, and where of a thing – its essence and ambience. Qualitative research thus refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things.” (Berg, 2007, p. 3). Thus, a qualitative research focuses on the quality of the object being studied, instead of the numbers. Qualitative methods of research, while often viewed by novices as easier are in fact more time consuming, require a greater emphasis on researchers themselves clarifying and defining what things mean, and rely on the intellectual abilities of researchers to organize, manage, analyze and interpret data (Tewksbury, 2009). In the qualitative method, the researcher will select the best method(s) based on his/her research question: will the researcher study individuals (narrative, phenomenology); explore processes, activities and events (case study, grounded theory); or learn about the broad cultural-sharing behavior of individuals or groups (ethnography) (Creswell 2009, 177). There are some
(39)
methods of data-gathering for qualitative research, namely interviews, focus groups, ethnography, sociometri, unobstrusive measures, historiography and case studies. The resulting data may be in the form of text, audio or video files, photographs or field notes.
According to Creswell (2009), here are the steps of data analysis in qualitative research:
1. Organize and prepare the data for analysis.
2. Read through all the data. Gain a general sense of the information and reflect on the overall meaning.
3. Conduct analysis based on the specific theoretical approach and method (eg. narrative, content, grounded theory, discourse, archival, semiotics and phonemic analysis techniques). This often involves coding or organizing related segments of data into categories.
4. Generate a description of the setting or people and identify themes from the coding. Search for theme connections.
5. Represent the data within a research report. 6. Interpret the larger meaning of the data.
Content analysis refers to a general sets of techniques which are useful to analyze and understand collections of text. There are some steps to conduct content analysis. They are:
1. Read through the transcript and make some notes when relevant information is discovered
(40)
3. Read the list and find the similarities that link each item in it. Categorize the items based on their nature.
4. Identify whether or not the categories can be linked any way and list them as major categories (or themes) and / or minor categories (or themes)
5. Compare and contrast the various major and minor categories
6. If there is more than one transcript, repeat the first five stages again for each transcript
7. When you have done the above with all of the transcripts, collect all of the categories or themes and examine each in detail and consider if it fits and its relevance
8. Once all the transcript data is categorized into minor and major categories/themes, review in order to ensure that the information is categorized as it should be.
9. Review all of the categories and ascertain whether some categories can be merged or if some need to be sub-categorized.
10. Return to the original transcripts and ensure that all the information that needs to be categorized has been so.
In this study, the researcher adopted Cresswell’s steps of analyzing data because they are more suitable to be used in this research. She gathered the data by downloading the video of the Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 and making the script from it. Then the researcher marked the utterances which contain code-switching phenomenon and followed the other steps by Cresswell.
(41)
B. Research Setting
The Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 was conducted in the
capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta on Indonesia’s Independence Day, August 17, 2013. The show was aired in one of the television channel, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI). The video of the competition is provided on YouTube, and was downloaded in September 2013. The researcher gathered the data by making the transcript of the video.
C. Research Subjects
In the Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3, there were three juries, namely Rinrin Marinka, Degan Septoadji and Arnold Poernomo. The subjects of the research were the juries’ speech which contains code-switching phenomena. There were more than 100 code-switching cases happened in the first round of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
As it is a qualitative research, the researcher herself is the main instrument of this study. The researcher downloaded the video of the Grand Final of MCI Season 3 and in order to gather the data, she also made the transcript of the speech and analyzed the code-switching phenomena in the script she made.
(42)
E. Data Analysis Technique
Based on Cresswel (2009), there are some steps for a researcher to follow to conduct a data analysis. The first step was to organize and prepare the data for analysis. The researcher obtained the data by making the transcript of the Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 which she had downloaded from youtube.com. There were many speakers in the video, namely the three juries (Degan Septoadji, Rinrin Marinka and Arnold Poernomo), the two finalists (William Gozali and Febrian Wicaksono), other contestants who did not make it
to the grand finale, finalists’ supporters and the narrator. Since the research
focused on the code-switching done by the juries, the researcher only made the transcription of the utterances done by the juries and the finalists as to give the social context in which the code-switching was employed during the first round of
the Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 only. Then she selected juries’
utterances which contained code-switching and listed them in a checklist she had made to facilitate the analysis process she had to do next. Thus, 128 occurrences of code-switching with various types uttered by the three juries were found during this 26 minute video.
The second step was to read through all the data and gain a general sense of the information and reflect on the overall meaning. This step was conducted in order to have accurate result of the study. Having accurate data to be analyzed using the theories from many linguists are considered essential. Therefore, the researcher rechecked the transcript of the video as well as the list of code-switching she had obtained from the transcript to make sure that they were in
(43)
accordance with the video and minimize the possibility of inaccuracy in the research. For the transcript of the video which lasted for 26 minutes, please see Appendix 1.
The third step was to conduct the analysis based on the specific theoretical approach and method. In this research, there are two research questions. The analysis to answer the first question was based on the theory from Hoffman, while the analysis for the second question was conducted based on the selected theories from Wardaugh and Holmes.
Next, the researcher generated the description of the setting or people and identified the themes from the coding and ssearched for theme connections. Through the analysis done in the previous step, the researcher tried to interpret the result and discover other findings that might relate to code-switching. In this step, it was demanded that the researcher should be meticulous and aware of any findings related to code-switching other than the two research questions proposed. Upon classifying the data and analyzing them, the researcher then did a triangulation to an expert on linguistics to make sure that what she had done was appropriate. Since the topic of this study relates tightly to Sociolinguistics, the researcher asked her Sociolinguistics lecturer when she was in the fourth semester to triangulate her works.
As the final step, the researcher presented the result in the form of a research report. The researcher hoped that this report would give beneficial contribution to social science especially in Sociolinguistics.
(44)
F. Research Procedure
This research was conducted in seven steps. They are:
1. Downloading the video of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3
The video was taken from youtube.com. The duration of the overall video is 97 minutes. The researcher only used the data from the first round of the Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia. Thus, the duration of the video used for this research is only the first 26 minute of it.
2. Making the transcript of the video
There were six main speakers in the video, namely Degan Septoadji, Rinrin Marinka, Arnold Poernomo, Brian,William and narrator. The researcher only made the transcript of the juries and the contestants during the competition. The comments made outside the competition were excluded from the transcript. Here are the example of the transcript made by the researcher:
Marinka: Kalian inget baik-baik yah, Boys. Pressure pointnya mungkin di sini kesannya gampang tapi ini harus slow cook, nanti hangus-hangus juga. Kamu tau fish timbale itu apa? Timbale itu sebetulnya tepatnya satuan, tapi karena bentuknya ga tentu, akhirnya pake yang bulet bentuknya harusnya seperti ini. Kurang lebih ngerti ya kurang lebih nanti presentasinya seperti apa.
Arnold: Look, look at it. All the juice ya.Jus dari lobsternya keluarin. Kita saute lagi.
3. Listing the code-switchings done by the juries
Not all the sentences uttered by the juries contained code-switching. The researcher selected which utterances contained this phenomenon carefully. Here
(45)
are examples of the code-switching done by Arnold Poernomo, one of the juries in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3.
Nori butternya yang ngebawa rasanya semua. Sandwichnya gimana?
Oke, thank you.
Silakan kembali ke station. Let’s go, guys!
C’mon.
4. Categorizing the code-switchings into their type: inter-sentential and intra-sentential, and into their reason: status, topic and affective message
In order to seek the answer of the first question, the researcher categorized the code-switchings into their own type. She put a () in the E column if the code-switching occurred across sentence boundaries and in the A column if the code-switching occurred inside sentences. The following is a sample checklist of the code-switching types.
Table 3.1 A Sample Checklist of the Code-switching Types
No Code-switching Type
E A
1 Kamu masih belum plating Chef Degan punya ya.
2 Terus progress appetizer saya gimana?
3 One minute boys.
Note:
E: Inter-sentential code-switching A: Intra-sentential code-switching
(46)
As it has been elaborated in the previous chapter, there were three reasons of the code-switching occurance from Wardhaugh and Holmes used in this study. They were because of the status, the topic, or showing affective message. The researcher then categorized the code-switchings based on the reasons of occurance. She put a () in the S column if the code-switching was done because of the status of the speaker, in the T column if the code-switching was done because of the topic of the utterances, in the A column if the code-switching was done to show affective message. The following table is an example of how the categorization was done.
Table 3.2 A Sample Checklist of the Reasons of Code-switching
No Code-switching Reason
S T A
1 Kamu masih belum plating Chef Degan punya ya.
2 Terus progress appetizer saya gimana?
3 One minute boys.
Note: S: Status T: Topic
A: Affective message 5. Analysing the data
After the researcher classified each code-switching occured in the juries’ speech, she then elaborated why some particular code-switching was categorized as inter-sentential or intra-sentential and status, topic or affective message with purpose to present clear elaboration of the categorization done. Next she counted 1) the percentage of inter-sentential code-switching done by all the juries 2) the percentage of intra-sentential code-switching done by all the juries 3) the
(47)
percentage of each reason of code-switching made by all the juries. The formula used is as follow:
1) P = FE x 100% TF
2) P = FA x 100% TF
3) P = FS x 100% TF
4) P = FT x 100% TF
5) P = FAM x 100% TF
Note:
P : Percentage
FE : Frequency of inter-sentential code-switching FA : Frequency of intra-sentential code-switching
FS : Frequency of code-switching done because of the status FT : Frequency of code-switching done because of the topic
FAM : Frequency of code-switching done because of the affective message
6. Drawing conclusion and making recommendation
After all the steps above had been done, the researcher drew the conclusion and made some recommendation based on the findings from the research. The conclusion is expected to answer the two questions proposed in this research along with their explanation.
7. Reporting the research
(48)
30
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the result of the research procedure in attempt to answer the two research questions presented in the first chapter. They are: 1) What are the type distributions of code-switching occurred in the first round of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3? 2) What are the reasons of the code switchings done by the juries of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 during the first round? Other findings discovered by the researcher are also presented within this chapter.
A. The Types of Code-switching found in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final
As cited in Romaine (1995), Gumperz (1982: 59) defines the term code-switching as ‘the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or sub-systems’. This
definition goes together with Hoffman’s (1991) description on code-switching, ‘it involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same
utterance or during the same conversation’. The two definitions describe exactly the phenomena in word utterances done by the juries during the Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. The different but similar definitions of code-switching from many linguists cause the different types of code-code-switching and reasons of code-switching proposed by various theorists. The code-switching
(49)
employed constantly by the three juries during the Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 is appropriate data to be studied using the theories provided.
The researcher categorized the data she obtained into two types: inter-sentential andintra-inter-sentential code-switching. The result of the classification implied that 50 out of 128 code-switching occurred in the first round of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia belonged to the inter-sentential code-switching type. In other words, using the formula provided in the Chapter III, 39.06% of the switching uttered by the juries were categorized as inter-sentential code-switching. Surprisingly, intra-sentential code-switching, which is considered as
“involving the greatest syntactic risk” dominated the occurrence. This type of
code-switching occurred 78 times, covering 60.94% of the overall code-switching being studied. Table 4.1 shows the percentage of inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching.
Table 4.1 The Number and Percentage of Inter-sentential and Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases
No Type of Code-switching Number of Cases Percentage
1 Inter-sentential code-switching 50 39.06%
2 Intra-sentential code-switching 78 60.94%
Total 128 100%
1. Inter-sentential Code-switching Found in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final
Inter-sentential code-switching occurs when the switch happens between sentences. This definition is strongly supported by Poplack (1980) who describes inter-sentential code-switching as involving a switch at a clause or sentence
(50)
boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. There were some occurrences of inter-sentential code-switching in the first round of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. The first example occurs when the finalists were cooking and the juries conversed. They talked about their opinions on the finalists of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final. One of the juries, Degan Septoadji, expressed his thought on Brian being one of the finalists.
(1) Degan : Saya tidak menyangka bahwa Brian akan di sini. But
anyway, it’s always a surprise.
Marinka : Sekarang saatnya buat dia mengeluarkan kartu as-nya. Arnold : Oke, mari kita liat.
The second example occurs almost at the end of the competition. For the first round of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final, the finalists had three hours to make three kinds of dish. When there was only an hour remained, one of the juries, Arnold Poernomo, reminded the participants about the time.
(2) Arnold : Oke Brian dan William, waktu kalian tinggal satu jam ya. Make it good.
Brian : Waktu kurang satu jam, di situ aku mulai panik banget. Masakanku baru selesai lima puluh persen.
Ini gimana ni kalo sampe ga jadi.
William : Proses dua jam berlalu, semua komponen utama udah selesai, tinggal komponen kecil-kecilnya aja dan final touchnya
yang bakal gue kerjain.
In (1), inter-sentential code-switching occurred in the bold sentence uttered by Degan Septoadji. The indicator of an inter-sentential code-switching is that the whole sentence is in a different language other than the one the speaker used in the previous utterances. This essential indicator can also be seen in (2)
(51)
where another jury, Arnold Poernomo, encouraged the finalists to do their best. Every single word they used in the sentence was in English.
2. Intra-sentential Code-switching Found in MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final
Intra-sentential code-switch occurs when the switch happens within a single sentence. Poplack (1980) puts forward the view that intra-sentential code-switching involves, arguably, the greatest syntactic risk, and may be avoided by all but the most fluent bilinguals. However, this type of code-switching occurs repeatedly during the first round of Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. The first example of the occurrences was taken when the juries tasted and commented on the dishes made by William and Brian. After the time was up, the juries judged the dishes based on the taste and the appearance of the dish. The
following is the conversation between the juries about the taste of Brian’s dish.
(1) Degan : Oke, let’s go to the next.
Marinka : Sup tomatnya lumayan enak ya, lumayan sesuai dengan yang saya predict. Cuma timbalenya ini kurang kerasa.
Degan : Ini masih kurang seasoning aja. Arnold : Yuk kita coba yang ini.
The second example of intra-sentential code-switching was taken when Arnold Poernomo reminded the contestants to start plating. One of the rules in the MasterChef Indonesia is that any components which are not in the plate when the time is up will not be counted in the judgement. Therefore, around 15 minutes before the time was up, Arnold Poernomo reminded the finalists to start the plating since they had three dishes that needed to be served perfectly.
(52)
(2) Arnold : Brian, William, waktu kalian tinggal lima belas menit. Saatnya untuk plating ya.…
Brian : Lima belas menit terakhir aku sudah mulai memplating
dishnyaChef Marinka dan mulai mencicil platingan
dari dishnya Chef Arnold. Untuk Chef Degan mulai motong fresh scallopnya dan mulai aku plating.
Intra-sentential code-switching can easily be seen in Marinka’s and
Degan’s utterances in (1). In each of them, they only used one English word in each sentence which was basically conducted in Indonesian. This also happens in (2) where Arnold reminded the finalists about plating time. Brian, one of the finalists, also code-switched when he described his progress in the last fifteen minutes of the competition. The phenomenon of mixing one language with other language within a sentence is the indicator of intra-sentential code-switching.
The English words found in the code-switching occurrence type intra-sentential were in form of content words, namely noun, adjective, verb and adverb. The following are the examples of the English word used in the code-switching based on their part of speech:
1) Noun
In the beginning of the competition, the three juries demonstrated how to make their signature dish which needed to be duplicated by the finalists as the first challenge of the Grand Final. The following is the explanation from Arnold Poernomo when he demonstrated his dish, Lobster Three Ways.
(1) Arnold : Look! Look at it. All the juice ya. Jus dari lobsternya keluarin. Kita sauté lagi.
Arnold : Ini kita bikin condiment buat saladnya ya.
The example above clearly shows the phenomena of code-switching by
(53)
-switched two words into English, which were condiment and salad. The two words belong to noun category.
2) Adjective
During the judgement, Rinrin Marinka made some comment on Arnold
Poernomo’s dish, Lobster 3 Ways, which was duplicated by Brian.
(1) Marinka : Mungkin malah overcooked. Saya bisa melihat itu lebih buttery ya. Bener ga sih?
Arnold : This is flavor. That’s… Marinka : Ya? Lebih buttery ya? Marinka : That’s mmh ya… Mmh...
The second example occurs when Rinrin Marinka demonstrated how to cook her dish which was about to be duplicated by the finalists. She added some information related to her dish, as seen in the following conversation.
(2) William : Kalo masuk mulut, ininya kerasa banget. Begitu gigit, si salmonnya ilang.
Marinka : Ini sebetulnya keliatannya simple dan ini cukup classic. Oke? Next station!
Other than noun, the words used in the intra-sentential code-switching are also in the form of adjective. In (1), the adjectives are overcooked and buttery
while in (2), the adjectives are the words simple and classic which Marinka used to describe her dish.
3) Verb
The following example is uttered by Arnold Poernomo while he explained the process of making his signature dish to the finalists in the beginning of the competition.
(54)
(1) Arnold : Look! Look at it!All the juice ya. Jus dari lobsternya keluarin. Kita sauté lagi.
Arnold : Ini kita bikin condiment buat saladnya ya.
During the judgement, the juries made some comments on the dish cooked by the two finalists. Below is the lines uttered by Rinrin Marinka and Degan Septoadji
while commenting on Brian’s dish.
(2) Marinka : Sup tomatnya lumayan enak ya, lumayan sesuai dengan yang saya predict. Cuma timbale-nya ini kurang kerasa.
Degan : Ini masih kurang seasoning aja.
In (1) and (2), the italicized words are the code-switching phenomena done by the juries. They are of various types and parts of speech. In this section, the researcher would like to emphasize the use of verb in the code-switching as seen in the bolded-italicized words, sauté and predict.
4) Adverb
Since William entered the Grand Final of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 the last,
his dishes were judged after Brian’s. Below is the comment from the judges on William’s dish which was a duplication of Rinrin Marinka’s signature dish.
(1) Marinka : Ini ada yang… Gingernya very strong ya ini ya. Degan : But the soup is not so bad in taste ya.
In the example provided above, there are some code-switching phenomena which were indicated by the use of italic. The adverbs in the example are in the bolded-italicized form, modifying the next words which are in form of adjectives. Other than English, it was also found that the juries switched the code to Thai and Japanese. Degan Septoadji once uttered the sentence ‘Supnya tadi
(55)
namanya Tom Kha Gai’. He switched from Indonesian language to Thai. In
English, Tom Kha Gai literally means chicken galangal soup. It is actually a spicy and sour hot soup with coconut milk in Lao and Thai cuisine.
Arnold Poernomo, on the other hand, switched from Indonesian to English
and Japanese words using English grammar, all in the sentence ‘Tambah nori powdernya soalnya nori powdernya yang ngebawa rasanya semua.’ The Japanese word, nori, means seaweed in English. However, he decided to employ English grammar by putting the word nori before the head noun, powder.
Aside from the part of speech of the code-switching, it was also found that one of the code-switching occurrences introduced a phenomenon where Indonesian grammar was employed with the use of English words. This
phenomenon was found in the sentence ‘Untuk tantangan pertama di Grand Final, kami sudah menghadirkan chef professional yang akan membawakan hidangan khusus dan spesial buat kalian.’ The bolded words are the code-switching which are English words. But the speaker, who was an Indonesian, employed Indonesian grammar in arranging the words. According to English grammar, in a noun phrase, an adjective, works as a pre-modifier, should proceedthe noun. On the contrary, in Indonesian grammar, the adjective comes
after the noun, as seen in the phrase ‘chef professional’.
The researcher also found one grammatical mistake in one of the
code-switching uttered by Rinrin Marinka ‘Kurang balance.’ The word ‘balance’ here
(56)
adjective, whereas the substitute word in English was ‘balance’, which was a noun. It was supposed to be balanced.
B. The Reasons of Code-switching Done by the Juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3 Grand Final
The second research question aimed to find out the reasons of the code-switching done by the juries during the first round of Grand Final Masterchef Indonesia Season 3. The procedure of conducting the analysis was almost similar with the procedure to obtain the answer of the first research question. Using a similar checklist, the researcher attempted to categorize each of the code-switching cases into their own reason. The researcher used the theories from Holmes and Wardaugh to find out the reasons of the code-switching done by the juries of MasterChef Indonesia Season 3. The table below is the result of the findings from the second research question in a nutshell.
Table 4.2 The Number and Percentage of the Reasons of Code-switching Cases
No Reasons Number of Cases Percentage
1 Status 56 43.75%
2 Choice of Topic 49 38.28%
3 Conveying Affective Message 23 17.97%
Total 128 100%
1. Social Status of the Speaker
Some people code-switch because they are aware of their status which they consider higher and more respectable than other people. The people whose utterances being researched here are not ordinary people. They are the juries of MasterChef, a well-known cooking show in Indonesia. All of them have
(57)
experiences living outside Indonesia, which to some people, is considered giving better status to them. There is also a belief in the society that people who are able to speak English have higher status than those who are not. This is due to the fact that in order to be able to speak English fluently, adequate intelligence and financial support are required. Undoubtedly, the three juries with their learning and working experience have higher status which is showed by the use of code-switching in their utterances as observed in the 26 minute video.
The following are the examples of code-switching cases done by the juries because of their status. In the beginning of the competition, the juries gave some opening speech. The speech also contained code-switching as uttered by Rinrin Marinka below.
(1) Degan : Ini saat penentuan siapa yang mendapat hadiah utama yang besar.
Marinka : Supremasi tertinggi untuk koki amatir yaitu title MasterChef Indonesia Season ketiga.
There were three challenges for the finalists. At the beginning of each challenge, the jury gave the explanation about the challenge to the finalists. Below is a part of the explanation of the first challenge given by Degan Septoadji.
(2) Degan : Untuk tantangan pertama di Grand Final, kami sudah Menghadirkan chef professional yang akan membawakan hidangan khusus dan spesial buat kalian. Kalian siap?
From the examples provided above and other code-switching cases of the same reason, the researcher observed that the code-switching cases done because of the status of the speaker can actually be considered as unnecessary
(58)
code-switching. This is so for the substitute word of the exact same meaning can be
found easily in Indonesian language. The word ‘title’ in (1) can be replaced by the
word ‘gelar’ and ‘season’ by ‘musim’ while the phrase ‘chef professional’ in (2)
can be replaced by ‘juru masak profesional’.
The code-switching happened because of the speaker’s status occurred 56 times during the 26 minute video, which was the highest frequency of the three reasons. It covered 43.75% of the overall code-switching cases being studied. 2. The Choice of the Topic
When people have their daily conversation, they usually talk in their mother language. But when it comes to a certain topic such as academic stuff, or in this case culinary stuff, bilinguals find it easier to code-switch. It primarily happened because it was rather difficult to find the word of exactly the same meaning or because it was simply the usual term they used every day.
The following are the examples of the code-switching occurred because of the topic as found in the video. In the beginning of the first challenge, Degan Septoadji gave a brief explanation about the challenge the finalists were about to face.
(1) Degan : Untuk tantangan ini, kami masing-masing membuat tiga appetizer di mana kita menggunakan seafood
sebagai bahan utama.
During the competition, Degan Septiadji asked one of the finalists, William, about the progress of his dishes and also the difficulty that he faced in order to duplicate the three dishes.
(2) Degan : Gimana William, kamu lagi bikin apa? Fish cakenya? Oke. Gimana, menurut kamu sulit? Atau gampang?
(1)
Appendix 3: The Categorization of the Reasons of Doing Code- switching
No Code-switching Reason
S T A
1 Supremasi tertinggi untuk koki amatir yaitu title MasterChef Indonesia Season ketiga.
2 Supremasi tertinggi untuk koki amatir yaitu title MasterChef Indonesia Season ketiga.
3 Tantangan pertama untuk Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season ketiga akan dimulai dari sekarang.
4 Tantangan pertama untuk Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season ketiga akan dimulai dari sekarang.
5
Untuk tantangan pertama di Grand Final, kami sudah menghadirkan chef professional yang akan membawakan hidangan khusus dan spesial buat kalian.
6
Untuk tantangan pertama di Grand Final, kami sudah menghadirkan chef professionalyang akan membawakan hidangan khusus dan spesial buat kalian.
7
Untuk tantangan pertama di Grand Final, kami sudah menghadirkan chefprofessionalyang akan membawakan hidangan khusus dan spesial buat kalian.
8
Untuk tantangan ini, kami masing-masing membuat tiga
appetizer di mana kita menggunakan seafood sebagai bahan utama.
9
Untuk tantangan ini, kami masing-masing membuat tiga appetizer di mana kita menggunakan seafood sebagai bahan utama.
10 Oke, makanan saya adalah Scallop Carpaccio with
Lemongrass Vinaigrette and Jellied Coconut Prawn.
11 Appetizer saya Ginger and Lemongrass Tomato Soup dengan Thai Seafood Timbale.
12 Appetizer saya Ginger and Lemongrass Tomato Soup denganThai Seafood Timbale.
13 Lobster Three Ways. 14
Jadi kalian harus memperhatikan dan fokus bener-bener pada saat kami masak dalam waktu bersamaan karena kami akan memberikan note untuk kalian mencatat.
15 Tiga clove garlic.
16 Tiga clove garlic.
17 Kalian inget baik-baik yah, boys.
(2)
ini harus slow cook, nanti harus halus juga.
19 Pressurepointnya mungkin di sini kesannya gampang tapi ini harus slow cook, nanti harus halus juga.
20 Pressure pointnya mungkin di sini kesannya gampang tapi ini harus slow cook, nanti harus halus juga.
21 Kamu tau fish timbale itu apa?
22
Timbale itu sebetulnya tempatnya satuan, tapi ini karena merekanya ga nemu, akhirnya pake yang bulet bentuknya harusnya seperti ini.
23 Look!
24 Look at it!
25 All the juice ya.
26 Kita sauté lagi.
27 Ini kita bikin condiment buat saladnya ya. 28 Ini kita bikin condiment buat saladnya ya.
29 Supnya tadi namanya Tom Ka Gum.
30 Oke guys, setelah kami demo, dan karena ini tantangan duplikasi, silahkan maju, cicipi, dan liat presentasinya ya.
31 Kalian lihat rasanya, coba dulu, tidak terlalu strong. 32 Ini sebetulnya keliatannya simple dan ini cukup classic. 33 Ini sebetulnya keliatannya simple dan ini cukup classic.
34 Next station!
35 Tambah nori powdernya soalnya nori powdernya yang ngebawa rasanya semua.
36 Tambah nori powdernya soalnya nori powdernya yang ngebawa rasanya semua.
37 Tambah nori powdernya soalnya nori powdernya yang ngebawa rasanya semua.
38 Tambah nori powdernya soalnya noripowdernya yang ngebawa rasanya semua.
39 Sandwichnya gimana?
40 Oke, thank you.
41 Silakan kembali ke station.
42 Oke boys, saya ingatkan, ini adalah awal dari pertarungan kalian yang terakhir, oke?
43 Do your best!
44
Oke, untuk tantangan ini, kalian harus membuat duplikasi hidangan dish saya yang sempurna, Chef Marinka yang sempurna, dan juga Chef Degan.
45
Oke, untuk tantangan ini, kalian harus membuat duplikasi hidangan dish saya yang sempurna, Chef Marinka yang sempurna, dan juga Chef Degan.
(3)
46
Oke, untuk tantangan ini, kalian harus membuat duplikasi hidangan dish saya yang sempurna, Chef Marinka yang sempurna, dan juga Chef Degan.
47 Oke, guys?
48 Silakan ke posisi start kalian.
49 Boys, bahan-bahan sudah kami siapkan di station kalian masing-masing.
50 Boys, bahan-bahan sudah kami siapkan di station kalian masing-masing.
51 This is it.
52 Start now.
53 Tantangan pertama untuk Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season Ketiga akan dimulai dari sekarang.
54 Tantangan pertama untuk Grand Final MasterChef Indonesia Season Ketiga akan dimulai dari sekarang.
55 Oke guys, waktu kalian sudah berjalan satu jam ya.
56 Make it good.
57 But anyway, it’s always a surprise.
58 Fish cakenya?
59 Terus progress appetizer saya gimana?
60 Terus progress appetizer saya gimana?
61 Oke boys waktu kalian hanya tersisa tiga puluh menit lagi.
62 Chop chop!
63 Oh well….
64 Good luck!
65 Let’s go, guys!
66 Come on!
67 Second place is the first loser ya.
68 Let’s go!
69 Let’s go!
70 Let’s go!
71 Let’s go!
72 Saatnya untuk plating ya.
73 Let’s go.
74 Push!
75 Push!
76 C’mon!
77 Slowly!
78 Slowly!
79 Slowly!
(4)
81 Ayo let’s go! 82 Kamu masih belum plating Chef Degan punya ya. 83 Kamu masih belum plating Chef Degan punya ya.
84 Let’s go!
85 Let’s go!
86 One minute boys.
87 One more minute to go.
88 Sixty seconds!
89 Hands in the air!
90 It’s so acidic ya.
91 Kurang balance.
92 Tapi lemongrassnya terasa.
93 Let’s go to the next.
94 Sup tomatnya lumayan enak ya, lumayan sesuai dengan yang saya predict.
95 Cuma timbalenya ini kurang kerasa.
96 Ini masih kurang seasoning aja.
97 The lobsters blend.
98 I like the corn soup.
99 Actually untuk yang jellynya not bad ya. 100 Actually untuk yang jellynya not bad ya. 101 Actually untuk yang jellynya not bad ya.
102 It’s close.
103 Dressingnya kurang.
104 Well.
105 Oke, next ya.
106 Di sini ada olive oilnya.
107 Oilnya tidak ada.
108 Oilnya tidak ada.
109 Dia lupa chives.
110 Thick.
111 Gingernya very strong ya ini ya.
112 Gingernya very strong ya ini ya.
113 But the soup is not so bad in taste ya. 114 It’s not so bad ya.
115 Lobster’s cooked, no?
116 Mungkin malah overcooked.
117 Saya bisa melihat itu lebih buttery ya. 118 This is the flavor.
119 That’s…
(5)
121 That’smmh ya…
122 Gruton is good.
123 Except this dressing.
124 I think we have the result ya.
125 Yes.
126 Good.
127 Are we happy?
128 We’re happy.
TOTAL 56 49 23
Note: S: Status T: Topic
(6)