2. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the
closes natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style.
20
3. Translating means the study of lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation and culture from source language to find the equivalent expressed in the target language s lexicon,
structure and culture.
21
4. Translation is rendering in the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text.
22
From the definitions above the writer can conclude that translation is to find out the equivalent of meaning or reproducing the
equivalent messages from the source language into the target language. In translation both, source and target language, the translator has a big
responsibility and play an important role to produce the translation that has equivalent of meaning.
2. The Method of Translation
Method of Translation is various as well since the translator cannot faith with one method only to translate SL into TL. Method is the way
used in translation process that works on the whole text as a united
20
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Teber. The Theory and Practice of translation, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982, p. 12
21
Mildred L. Larson. Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antar Bahasa , Jakarta:Arcan, 1989, p. 3
22
Peter Newmark. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall International, 1988, p. 5
context. Newmark distinguishes the method into eight types that four types the method that emphasizes on the source language as follow
23
: a.
Word-for Word Translation This often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL
immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning,
out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word for word translation is either to understand the mechanics
of source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre translation.
b. Literal Translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated
singly, out of context. As a pre translated process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
c. Faithful Translation
A faithful translation attempt to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within constrains of the TL grammatical
structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality deviation from SL norms in
the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
23
Ibid., pp.45-47
d. Semantic Translation
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must be taken more account of the aesthetic value that is, the
beautiful and natural sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or
repetition jars in the finished version. The method that emphasizes on the target language as follow:
e. Adaptation
This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays comedies, poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually
preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having the play or poem
literally translated and the rewritten by an established drama poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have
rescued period plays. f.
Free Translation Free Translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the
content without the form of the original. g.
Idiomatic Translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the original but
tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquium and idioms where these do not exist in the original Authorities as diverse
as Salescovith and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, natural translation.
h. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to renders the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and
language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
3. The Process of Translation
The process of translation can be acquired as in the figure
24
below:
Source language text Receptor Language Target
Analysis Restructuring
X Transfer of the Figure Y
The figure explains that the translation process starts in analysis of phase, where the message is understood and decoded from the Source
Language Text SLT. The message got from understanding of SLT, then, results proposition X which will be transferred into Target
Language TL proposition, Y, in second phase. The proposition Y is decoded in the third phase then, where the message is restructured into
TL in the form of TLT. The result of this phase is receptor language translation. There are two groups of translation methods emphasize on
the source language, and the methods that emphasize on the target language.
24
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Teber. op.cit., p. 33
D. The Equivalent of Translation
Since translation talks about transferring meaning, replacing SL with TL that having equivalent meaning, the statement of the SL phrase is
replaced by a TL phrase that serves the same purpose in the TL culture, and the process here involves the substitution of SL sign for TL sign
25
may be understood as the process of making equivalent in translation.
Eugene Nida distinguishes two types of equivalence, formal equivalent and dynamic equivalent. Formal equivalence is quality of a
translation in which the features of the form of the source text have been mechanically reproduced in the receptor language. Typically, formal
equivalent distorts the grammatical and stylistic pattern of the receptor language and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to
misunderstand or to labor unduly hard. The opposite principal is dynamic equivalent that means quality of a translation in which the message of the
original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptor.
Frequently, the form of the original text is changed, but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the SL, of contextual
consistency in the transfer, and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful.
26
25
Susan bassnett. Translation Studies, new fetter lane, London: routledge, 2002, p.31
26
Eugene Nida and Charles R. Teber. op.cit., pp. 200-201
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Description of the Data
The writer analyzes the number of error translation from the film text of Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare adapted for the screen by
Craig Pearce and Baz Luhrmann that released on March, 28
th
1997. The original text has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Kitotsky.
Table 1: The Errors of Translation No.
Times English
Indonesia
1 00:37
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny.
Mulai dari pertentangan kuno, berubah
melawan kekakuan
hukum. 2
05:07 You know not what you do.
Kau tahu perbuatanmu. 3
05:16 Put up your sword.
Kenakan pedangmu. 4
08:26 Give me my long sword, ho Berikan pedang panjangku
5 08:47
Rebellious subjects,
enemies to peace, Throw your mistemperd weapons
to the ground Subjek
pemberontak, musuh
kedamaian, jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah
6 11:22
So please you, step aside; Ill know his grievance, or
be much denied. Jadi, kumohon anda menyingkir
dahulu, aku
paham kepedihannya, atau perasaan
sangat diacuhkan. 7
16:31 Thus then in brief: The
valiant Paris seeks you for his love.
Baru teringat: Paris yang gagah menyukaimu.
8 17:09
Women grow by men. Wanita besar karena pria.
9 27:30
Make a mutiny among my guests?
Kau mau membuat keributan di pestaku.
10 34:18
I ll to my truckle-bed; this field-bed is too cold for me
to sleep. Aku diranjang laci; ranjang ini
terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri.
11 37:30
Art thou not Romeo and a Montague?
Kau bukan Romeo seorang Montague?
12 38:20
I have nights cloak to hide me from their eyes, and but
thou love me, let them find me here.
Malam menyelubungiku dari penglihatan mereka, kecuali kau
mencintaiku, biarkan mereka menemukanku.
13 48:21
A challenge, on my life. Tantangan hidup atau mati.
14 01:05:49
Mercutios soul is but a little way
above our
heads staying for thine to keep
him company Jiwa Mercutio sedikit diatas
kepala kita. Diam untuk milikmu dan menemaninya
15 01:08:12
Tybalt hit the life of stout Mercutio.
Tybalt menembak
Mercutio yang berani.
16 01:10:07
O deadly sin, O rude unthankfulness
Oh dosa Rasa terima kasih yang kasar
B. Analysis of the Data 1.
Error Reconstruction a.
Table 1.1a
From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Mulai dari pertentangan kuno, berubah melawan kekakuan
hukum. , as a translation of English phrase From ancient grudge break to new mutiny. Semantically, the words new mutiny mean pemberontakan baru . To
get the nearest equivalent, the words new mutiny should be translated into menjadi pemberontakan baru with added word menjadi . According the
explanation above, the error is caused by Communicative Translation Method that means the translator attempts to renders the exact contextual meaning of the
Source Language Target Language
Reconstruction From ancient grudge
break to
new mutiny.
Mulai dari
pertentangan kuno, berubah
melawan kekakuan hukum.
Dari pertentangan
kuno berubah
menjadi pemberontakan
baru.
original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership that is translated into melawan kekakuan
hukum . Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Dari pertentangan kuno berubah menjadi pemberontakan baru.
b. Table 1.2a
From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Kau tahu perbuatanmu. , as a translation of English phrase
You know not what you do. Semantically, the words you know not mean kamu tahu tidak . To get the closest equivalent, the words you know not
should be translated into kalian tidak tahu . Based on the statement above, the writer finds out that error is caused by Free Translation method
. Free Translation
reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. In English sentence, there is word not which means tidak on the
sentence You know not what you do . The word you is plural not singular
which means kalian not kau , because there are some persons in the picture. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Kalian tidak
tahu apa yang telah kalian lakukan.
c. Table 1.3a
Source Language Target Language
Reconstruction
Put up your sword. Kenakan pedangmu. Kenakan
pistolmu
jenis: sword. Source Language
Target Language Reconstruction
You know not
what you do.
Kau tahu
perbuatanmu.
Kalian tidak tahu apa yang
telah kalian
lakukan.