is released on March, 28
th
1997 based on novel Romeo and Juliet the Play by William Shakespeare.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Errors
3. The Definition of Errors
In English dictionary, it is recognized that the word error and the word mistake are two synonymous words. Sometimes the term of
error and mistake are considered as the same and used interchangeably. Based on the Oxford Advanced leaner s dictionary, error is a mistake.
Errors are caused by lack of knowledge about the target language or an incorrect hypothesis about it. Errors are noticeable and can t be self
corrected. Nevertheless, the term error and mistake in some dictionaries are used differently.
Errors are representing the side defect of learner s writing. An error is share of conversation or composition deviating standard norm
or chosen norm from performances of adult language. According to Douglas Brown, A mistake refers to a performance
error that is either a random guess or a slip , in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly.
8
So, between two words error and mistake have the differently use. Mistake can avoid if the learner is more carefully and focused. The
learner made mistake because of carelessness, while error is caused by competence factor. It means, the learner doesn t understand the
8
H. Douglas Brown. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching, New York: Prentice Hall Regents, 1987, p. 217
language system. In conclusion, an error that reveals the portion of the learner s competence in the target language.
9
Competence refers to one s underlying knowledge of a system, event, or fact. In reference of language,
competence is one s underlying knowledge of the system its rules of grammar, its
vocabulary, all the pieces of a language and how those pieces fit together.
10
4. The Causes of Errors
Talking about the causes of errors, according to Prof. Dr. Henry Guntur Tarigan, A basic distinction is drawn between intralingual and
interlingual errors . Intralingual error classified as: a.
Simplification Kesalahan
yang diakibatkan
oleh reduksi
atau pengurangan yang berlebihan.
b. Developmental error
Kesalahan yang mencerminkan tahap-tahap yang terjadi dalam perkembangan linguistik.
c. Communication-based error
Kesalahan yang
diakibatkan oleh
siasat-siasat komunikasi.
d. Induced error
Kesalahan yang berasal dari pengurutan dan penyajian unsur-unsur bahasa sasaran.
9
Ibid.,
10
Ibid., p. 31
e. Error of avoidance
Kesalahan yang
diakibatkan oleh
kegagalan menggunakan tipe-tipe tertentu ciri-ciri bahasa sasaran karena
adanya kesukaran yang terasa. f.
Error of over production Kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh penggunaan ciri-ciri
bahasa sasaran yang benar tetapi terlalu sering.
11
g. Overgeneralizations
Kesalahan yang disebabkan oleh perluasan kaidah-kaidah bahasa sasaran pada konteks-konteks yang tidak tepat.
According the other definition, overgeneralization is a process that occurs as the second language learner acts within the target
language, by generalizing a particular rule or item in the second language irrespective of the native language beyond legitimate
bounds.
12
Brown also
supports this
case by
stating Overgeneralization is the incorrect application
negative transfer of previously learned second language material to a present second
language context.
13
The writer considers overgeneralization as a natural problem usually happens in anyone learning a foreign language. It cannot abandon just
like that only in a short time. Learning English or perhaps structure
11
Henry Guntur Tarigan dan Djago Tarigan. Pengajaran Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa, penerbit Angkasa, Bandung, 1998, p.171
12
H. Doughles Brown. op.cit., p. 96
13
Ibid., p. 97
specifically several years in o non-English spoken country as if Indonesia is an obvious reason why overgeneralization problem
happens here then.
B. Errors Analysis
Making errors is human being and natural. In learning process, errors have been perceived as a device a learner uses in order to learn. Indeed
human learning is fundamentally a process that involves the making of mistakes. Mistakes, misjudgment, miscalculation, and erroneous assumption
form an important aspect of learning virtually any skill or acquiring information.
14
In another explanation is also stated that errors analysis is the examination of those errors committed by student in both the spoken
and written medium.
15
Prof. Dr. Henry Guntur Tarigan give definition, errors analysis is procedure used by researcher to know the mistakes by
collection of a sample of learner language, identification of errors, description of errors, explaining the errors and evaluation of errors.
Analisa kesalahan berbahasa adalah suatu prosedur yang digunakan oleh para peneliti dan para guru, yang mencakup pengumpulan sampel
bahasa pelajar, pengenalan kesalahan-kesalahan yang terdapat dalam sampel tersebut, pendeskripsian kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut, pengklasifikasiannya
berdasarkan sebab-sebab
yang telah
dihopetesiskan, serta
pengevaluasiannya.
16
14
H. Doughles Brown. op.cit., p. 216
15
Available at www. Melta.org.myET1996main4.html, accessed on 4
th
of April 2010
16
Henry Guntur Tarigan dan Djago Tarigan. op.cit., p. 170
Those three definitions concerning with errors analysis are basically leading to the same by the students learning a foreign language, and this is
what the writer is conducting in his research paper.
C. Translation
1. The Definition of Translation
In era globalization, translation is needed to transfer the knowledge that comes from aboard. A translator has a big role that can
give big contribution to his or her country and to the world. The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of
relation between languages and is consequently a branch of comparative linguistic. Translation equivalences may be set up, and
translation performed, between any pair of languages or dialects related or unrelated and with any kind of spatial, temporal, social or other
relationship between them.
17
However, in simply, translation is an operation performed in languages: a process of substituting a text in one
language for a text in other.
18
Therefore, to make it clear about translation term, it may be worth to consider the summed up theories of expert below:
1. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language
SL by equivalent textual in another language TL.
19
17
J.C. Catford. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965, p.20
18
Ibid., p. 1
19
Ibid., p. 20
2. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the
closes natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style.
20
3. Translating means the study of lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation and culture from source language to find the equivalent expressed in the target language s lexicon,
structure and culture.
21
4. Translation is rendering in the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text.
22
From the definitions above the writer can conclude that translation is to find out the equivalent of meaning or reproducing the
equivalent messages from the source language into the target language. In translation both, source and target language, the translator has a big
responsibility and play an important role to produce the translation that has equivalent of meaning.
2. The Method of Translation
Method of Translation is various as well since the translator cannot faith with one method only to translate SL into TL. Method is the way
used in translation process that works on the whole text as a united
20
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Teber. The Theory and Practice of translation, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982, p. 12
21
Mildred L. Larson. Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antar Bahasa , Jakarta:Arcan, 1989, p. 3
22
Peter Newmark. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall International, 1988, p. 5
