CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Errors
3. The Definition of Errors
In English dictionary, it is recognized that the word error and the word mistake are two synonymous words. Sometimes the term of
error and mistake are considered as the same and used interchangeably. Based on the Oxford Advanced leaner s dictionary, error is a mistake.
Errors are caused by lack of knowledge about the target language or an incorrect hypothesis about it. Errors are noticeable and can t be self
corrected. Nevertheless, the term error and mistake in some dictionaries are used differently.
Errors are representing the side defect of learner s writing. An error is share of conversation or composition deviating standard norm
or chosen norm from performances of adult language. According to Douglas Brown, A mistake refers to a performance
error that is either a random guess or a slip , in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly.
8
So, between two words error and mistake have the differently use. Mistake can avoid if the learner is more carefully and focused. The
learner made mistake because of carelessness, while error is caused by competence factor. It means, the learner doesn t understand the
8
H. Douglas Brown. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching, New York: Prentice Hall Regents, 1987, p. 217
language system. In conclusion, an error that reveals the portion of the learner s competence in the target language.
9
Competence refers to one s underlying knowledge of a system, event, or fact. In reference of language,
competence is one s underlying knowledge of the system its rules of grammar, its
vocabulary, all the pieces of a language and how those pieces fit together.
10
4. The Causes of Errors
Talking about the causes of errors, according to Prof. Dr. Henry Guntur Tarigan, A basic distinction is drawn between intralingual and
interlingual errors . Intralingual error classified as: a.
Simplification Kesalahan
yang diakibatkan
oleh reduksi
atau pengurangan yang berlebihan.
b. Developmental error
Kesalahan yang mencerminkan tahap-tahap yang terjadi dalam perkembangan linguistik.
c. Communication-based error
Kesalahan yang
diakibatkan oleh
siasat-siasat komunikasi.
d. Induced error
Kesalahan yang berasal dari pengurutan dan penyajian unsur-unsur bahasa sasaran.
9
Ibid.,
10
Ibid., p. 31
e. Error of avoidance
Kesalahan yang
diakibatkan oleh
kegagalan menggunakan tipe-tipe tertentu ciri-ciri bahasa sasaran karena
adanya kesukaran yang terasa. f.
Error of over production Kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh penggunaan ciri-ciri
bahasa sasaran yang benar tetapi terlalu sering.
11
g. Overgeneralizations
Kesalahan yang disebabkan oleh perluasan kaidah-kaidah bahasa sasaran pada konteks-konteks yang tidak tepat.
According the other definition, overgeneralization is a process that occurs as the second language learner acts within the target
language, by generalizing a particular rule or item in the second language irrespective of the native language beyond legitimate
bounds.
12
Brown also
supports this
case by
stating Overgeneralization is the incorrect application
negative transfer of previously learned second language material to a present second
language context.
13
The writer considers overgeneralization as a natural problem usually happens in anyone learning a foreign language. It cannot abandon just
like that only in a short time. Learning English or perhaps structure
11
Henry Guntur Tarigan dan Djago Tarigan. Pengajaran Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa, penerbit Angkasa, Bandung, 1998, p.171
12
H. Doughles Brown. op.cit., p. 96
13
Ibid., p. 97
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