Validity Test Behavior of Reading Nutrition Fact Label on Undergraduate Students of Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 171 Private employee Additional 35 3 22,2 1,89 5 Income 1 million 1 million - 2,5 million 2,5 million - 5 million 34 63 61 21,5 39,8 38,6 Futhermore, There has been a lot of product purchase such as electronic equipment with the number of respondent was 25 at 15,8, Cosmetic with number of respondent 21 respondent with 13,3 , CD 22 at 13,9, Book 27 at 17,1, souvenir 28 at 17,7 and bag, watch, dress 35 at 22,2. Based on the result research have also been know to visit the online site name is rakuten .co.id with the number of respondent by 18 at 11,4, kaskus.com with number of respondent by 25 at 15,8, tokobagus.com with number of respondent by 36 at 22,7, berniaga.com. with number of respondent by 30 at 18,9, lazada.co.id with the number respondent by 21 at 13,3 and also bhinneka.com the number of respondent 28 by at 17,7. Testing Hypothesis Multiple Linear Reggresion In statistic, multiple linear regression analysis is a method used to draw a linear relationship between few independent variables and dependent variables. Table 4. Coefficients of Multiple Regressions Model Coefficients a Model Unstandarized Coefficients Standarized Coefficients B Std Error Beta T Sig. Constant .251 .303 .386 .314 1.935 .148 .179 .135 .270 .302 .286 .130 2.051 2.162 2.342 .898 .047 .036 .025 In table 4, the unstandardized beta coefficient is used for the values of the numbers in the linear regression equation. Theory explains that a higher beta value indicates a greater impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The independent variable Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Purchase Intention, and Consumer Trust can be ranked according to the magnitude of the beta coefficient to determine which component has the most significant . Therefore, the multiple regressions equation of this study is: Y = 0,251+ 0.303 X 1 + 0.386X 2 + 0,314X 3 Based on the result obtained, that using behavioral online of the most significant impact on customer trust , as it has the highest beta value, followed by perceived ease of use, purchase intention, and perceived usefulness. Table 5. Model Summary of Multiple Regression Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std.Error of The Estimate 1 0,434 0,454 0,540 0,07106 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 172 The R square or coefficient of determination is a portion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variables. Additionally, it helps to determine the percentage of variance in three dimensions Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Purchase Intention which can significantly explain customer trust. The values of multiple correlation coefficients R can lie only within the range from –1 to +1. A perfect positive association will be reflected by the correlation of +1; a perfect negative association will be reflected by the correlation of –1; and the absence of association will produce a correlation of approximately zero. According to the model summary, R square is equal to 0.454, which is less than 1. This indicates that there is a weak linear relationship between perceived ease of use, purchase intention, and perceived usefulness and customer trust. Approximately 45.4 of variance in all can significantly explain to create customer trust. The finding suggests that aside from components, there are many other factors that might also effect customer trust. Because multiple R is positive in value, it shows that there is positive linear relationship between perceived ease of use, purchase intention, and perceived usefulness and customer trust. Coefficients adjusted R square shows how much the variable perceived ease of use, purchase intention, and perceived usefulness have effect on customer trust at shopping online. Adjusted R 2 is 54 while the remaining amount of 46 is the contribution of other variables. Table 6. Anova b of Multiple Regressions F Test Anova b Model Sum of Square Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression Residual Total 13.863 20.104 33.967 4 116 120 3.465 .173 18.270 ,0000 An analysis of variance ANOVA is used to test whether there is a significant linear relationship between the combination of the using behavioral intention and customer trust. Therefore, we can see Table 6, the p-value is .000, indicating that the components significantly effect in consumer trust. CONCLUSION Based on the analysis, conclusions as the following: variable perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and purchase intention have a significant effect. However, if it views the results of hypothesis testing using the f test. Variable perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, purchase intention have effect and significance simultaneously on customer trust at business retail online. This is indicated by the value of F calculated by 18,270 and the significance level of 0.000, it can be concluded that the regression model can be used to predict customer trust. Therefore, Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. REFERENCES Adams, D.A., Nel son, R.R., and Todd, P.A. “Perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use, and Usage of Information Technology: A Replication,” MIS Quarterly, Volume 16, Number 2, 1992, pp.227-247. Bagozzi, R. P.; Davis, F. D.; Warshaw, P. R. 1992, Development and Test of a Theory of Technological Learning and Usage., Human Relations, 457: 660 –686. 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An Empirical Study On Consumer Acceptance of Products in Electronic Markets: A Transaction Cost Model. Decision Support System, 24, 29-43. McCole, P. and Palmer, A. 2001, “A Critical Evaluation Of The Role Of Trust in Direct Marketing Over The Internet”, Proceedings of the American Marketing Society World Marketing Congress, Cardiff, Wales, CD-ROM, 28 June. Nunnally, J., 1968. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Pavlou, P.A. 2003, “Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating Trust And Risk With The Technology Acceptance Model”, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 101-34. R. Henderson, M.J. Divett,2003. Perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use and Electronic Supermarket Use. International Journal Human-Computer Studies pp. 383 –395. Seo Kim. 1999. An Empirical Study In Effects Of Cost Advantage in Online Transaction: Customer Perception Of Use Of Internet Shopping Malls. Proceedings of Korean Academic Society of Business Administration, Spring Conference pp. 225-234. Santoso, Singgih, 2005. Analisis Multivariate dengan SPSS, Andi Offset, Yogyakarta Shim, Soyeon and Drake, M. F. 1990, “Consumer Intention to Utilize Electronic shopping,” Journal Direct Marketing , 4Summer, 22- 33. Shim, Mary Ann Eastlick, Sherry L. Lotz, and Patricia Warrington 2001, “An Online Prepurchase Intensions Model: The Role of Intention to Search,” Journal of Retailing, 77, 397-416. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 174 Teo, T.S.H. and Liu, J. 2007, “Consumer Trust in E-Commerce in the United States, Singapore and China”, Omega, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 22-8. Venkatesh,V.; Davis, F. D. 2000, A Theoretical Extension Of The Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies, Management Science, 462: 186 –204. Venkatesh,V.2000, Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, And Emotion into The Technology Acceptance Model, Information Systems Research 11 4, pp. 342 –365. Venkatesh, V.; Morris, M. G.; Davis, G. B.; Davis, F. D. 2003, User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View, MIS Quarterly, 273: 425 –478. Venkatesh, V.; Bala, H. 2008, Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions, Decision Sciences, 392: 273 –315. Zikmund, W. G. 2003. Business Research Methods 7th ed.. Mason, OH: South-Western, Thomson Learning. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 175 The Impact of Transformational Leadership Dimensions on Organizational Innovation: A Case of Higher Education in Iraq HUSSAIN K. HUSSAIN 1 , NORAINI ABU TALIB 2 , ISHAK BIN MAD SHAH 3 Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 123 Scholarship cultural Relations Directorate, MOHESR, Baghdad, Iraq 1 Corresponding Author hussaink763yahoo.com Abstract This research was carried out with the intention of examining the impact of transformational leadership dimensions Idealized Influence Attribute, Idealized Influence Behavioral, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration on organizational innovation in higher education in Iraq. The study used survey design to collect the data. The sample targeted 50 academic staff members from one university in Iraq selected through random sampling technique to participate in this study. The statistic results found significant strong relationships between the transformational leadership dimensions and the organizational innovation. More importantly, there are significant impacts of the transformational leadership on organizational innovation. In addition, transformational leadership plays important roles in determining the organizational innovation. Leaders should consider in matching both leadership behaviors based on the situation of their subordinates. Thus, the study contributes to the existing pool of knowledge on the empirical impact of transformational leadership dimensions on organizational innovation. Different aspects of these variables were tested, so as to provide a wider and more comprehensive understanding of the factors that affect higher education in Iraq. Keywords: Transformational Leadership Dimensions, Organizational Innovation, and Higher Education

1. Introduction

In today’s competitive world organizational success is linked with organizational performance and leadership style plays a significant role in achieving this objective. Leadership is defined as capability of an individual to persuade and inspire others so that they contribute towards effectiveness and success of the organization Yukl, 2006. Leaders role in an organization should be like a creative thinker, prominent, captivating and humane Tourish, 2014. The leadership has been extensively studied by many researchers in terms of its impact on the organizational performance and Innovation, but they have examined it independently or have linked it with organizational innovation. Transformational leadership style act as a driving force for organizational performance and innovation side by side job satisfaction of employees as transformational leader interact with subordinates to motivate them, and facilitate employees to work up to mark. Givens 2008 stated that transformational leadership style has grabbed the attention of many researchers in past three decades. Chipunza and Gwarinda, 2010 stated that transformational leadership style has shown significant achievement in growth and improvements in the development of innovative measures for higher education sector. Moreover, it is worldwide documented due to its remarkable role it plays in sharing of vision and building an environment that is based on team work. Literature is available on past researches regarding leadership and employees’ job satisfaction in business organizations, Moreover, researches on leadership styles MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 176 with innovative measures in higher education institutions specifically in Arab regions is lacking. This study reveals the hidden measures of Iraqi higher education institutions leadership styles and its impact on organizational innovation. The background of this study is Iraq which is a developing country. Iraq is situated in the Middle South- west of the Asia with a population of 30 million. In 2003, Iraqi Higher education has faced severe destruction due to war and sixty one universities and 101 colleges buildings were demolish and looted. Iraqi higher education has faced great damage in terms of growth and expansion, strategy , rules and regulations building and in overall management of higher educationwww.unesco.org.Kezar , Carducci, and Contreras-McGavin 2006 examined the leadership styles in educational institutions and stated that transformational leadership styles plays an important role in empowering employees, trust building and inculcate the values and preferences of organizational culture among employees in order to work up to mark and achieve the targeted outcomes. Transformational leadership has played a vital role in organizational change Bass , 1997. Rowley , Lujan Dolence 1997 and William 2003 stated that universities and organizations globally have been forced to adapt to the drastic changes in order to be more innovative. As a result of this higher education institution leaders have made necessary adjustments in order to meet the required goals and objectives Rowley et al., 1997.

2. Literature Review

The following section provides a summary of the academic literature that is relevant to this study. It includes a section on leadership and organizational innovation.

2. Transformational Leadership

The theory of transformational leadership is not a new one but has been around since 1970s. Transformational leadership defines achievable mission for an organization, builds and enhances employees’ self-esteem and confidence building, help employees’ to realize their potentials by identifying and fulfilling needs of their employees’ Peterson , Walumbwa, Byron, Myrowitz, 2009. Bass 1985 has identified and highlighted four behaviors related to transformational leadership style and their influence on employees’ motivation and fulfilling the needs of their employees’. These behaviors are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Idealized influence behavior provides a strong support for employees to respect and trust leaders, encourages leaders to communicate employees the need for the blend of risk and decision- making, and most importantly, aligns leaders’ actions with the ethical ideology Bass , Avolio, Jung, Berson, 2003. Inspirational motivation enables leaders to set vision and mission for the future of the organization and to inspire employees toward achieving the organizational goals. Scholars describe charismatic leadership behavior as the mixture of both idealized influence and inspirational motivation Intellectual stimulation directs lea ders to challenge employees’ ways of performing routine tasks and to question the ways they choose to derive solutions. Lastly, individualized consideration behavior showcases leaders’ mentor role of paying attention toward achieving the needs of employees and addressing the concerns of employees Bass et al., 2003.

2.2 Organizational Innovation

Innovation, in particular technological innovation, ‘‘is an iterative process initiated by the perception of a new market andor new service opportunity for a technology-based invention which leads to development, production, and marketing tasks striving for the commercial success of the invention’’ Garcia Calantone, 2002, p. 112. It has generally been classified as product and process innovation. The product innovation refers to introduction of new