Halal Halalan Toyyiban Concept Based on Quran and Hadith
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“
O mankind Eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitân Satan. Verily, he is to you an open enemy
:”
3
.
Halal products are those which are Shariah compliant; i.e. not involved with the use of haram
prohibited ingredients, exploitation of labour or environment, and are not harmful or intended for harmful use. It has been said clearly by Al-Qurtubi in his writings that a person should know
whether something is halal or haram before it is consumed or used [4]. Prophet PBUH said:
“Halal the Lawful Permissible is clear and Haram the Unlawful Impermissible is clear. Between halal and haram lays some doubtful things.
Many people do not know whether it is permissible or not. Whoever leaves out these doubtful things in order to protect his religion and honour, and then he is
safe. Whoever indulges in these doubtful thingsmatters it is very possible that he will fall into haram, similar to a person who grazes his animals near the royal
pasture it is very possible that one day he will graze in the royal pasture. Behold Every king has a royal pasture and the royal pasture of Allah is those things
which have been made impermissible
.”
5
ALLAH SWT only accepts everything that is halal and clean from human beings. Whatever we do, we should bear in mind that ALLAH SWT is always there observing us. This is why we have
to make sure that everything that we are going to do or be involved in must be halal and clean. This matter has been narrated from the Prophet PBUH in one hadith:
On the authority of Abu Huraira may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of Allah said: “Allah the Almighty is good and accepts only that
which is good. Allah has commanded the Faithful to do that which He commanded the Messengers, and the Almighty has said: “O ye Messengers Eat
of the good things, and do right..” Quran 23:51. And Allah the Almighty has said: “O ye who believe Eat of the good things wherewith We have provided
you. .” 2:172. Then he mentioned [the case of] a man who, having journeyed
far, is dishevelled and dusty and who spreads out his hands to the sky [saying]: O Lord O Lord-while his food is unlawful, his drink is unlawful, his clothing
unlawful, and he is nou rished unlawfully, so how can he be answered”
6
. The Prophet PBUH had reminded us that, there will come a day when mankind will not think
about halal and haram anymore in their daily activities. Prophet PBUH said:
3
Al-Baqarah: 168
4
Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 3, Ms 11.
5
Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Bin Ismail 1980. Al-Jamik al-Sahih. Kaherah: al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyah. Jilid 1, Ms 34.
6
Muslim, Abi Husain 2001. Sahih Muslim Bi Sharh al-Nawawi. Kaherah: Dar al-Hadith. Jilid 4, Ms 106.
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“Sayyidina Abu Hurayrah radhiallahu anhu reports that the Prophet salallahu alaihi wasallam said, “A time will come upon the people wherein a man will not
bother what he intakes; whether from a halal or haram source
.”
7
. The Prophet PBUH also told us to avoid any suspicious action. That is why we need to be firm in
our action. Prophet PBUH said: “The Prophet salallahu alaihi wa sallam said, “Avoid whatever you have
doubts about in favour of what is not doubtful .”
8
. The Prophet PBUH had reminded us about the dangers and threats for those who are involved in
haram activities. Prophet PBUH said:
Sayyidina Ka`b Ibn Ujrah radhiallahu anhu relates that the Prophet salallahu alaihi wasallam said, “A body nourished with a haram source will not enter
Jannah ”.
9
Sayyidina Sad radhiallahu anhu relates that the Prophet salallahu alaihi was sallam said “O Sad purify your food and as a result you will become one
whose supplications are accepted. I swear by Him in whose hands the soul of Muhammad lies, verily a servant of Allah tosses a haram impermissible food
morsel in his stomach due to which no good deed is accepted from him for 40 days”
10
. In Islam, the Ussul Fikh
had indicated that, “All things that would lead to haram, is considered haram
”. So the sin of involving in haram activities is not only for those who do it, but also for those who are involved with the sinner either directly or indirectly. Alcohol and usury are two
such examples, as the Prophet PBUH said:
It was reported by Anas may Allah be pleased with him, that Prophet M
uhammad pbuh said: God’s curse falls on ten groups of people who deal with alcohol. The one who distils it, the one for whom it has been distilled, the
one who drinks it, the one who transports it, the one to who it has been brought, the one whom serves it, the one who sells it, the one who utilizes money from it,
the one who buys it and the one who buys it for someone else ”.
11
. Narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas’ud: Rasullulah Salallahu Alayhi Wasallam cursed
the one who accepted usury, the one who paid it, the one who witness it, and the one who recorded it
12
.
7
Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Bin Ismail 1980. Al-Jamik al-Sahih. Kaherah: al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyah. Jilid 2, Ms 77.
8
Tirmizi, Muhammad Bin Isa 1997. Sunan al-Tirmizi. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 567.
9
Tirmizi, Muhammad Bin Isa 1997. Sunan al-Tirmizi. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 155.
10
Ibn Majah, Muhammad Bin Yazid 1997. Sunan Ibn Majah. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 567.
11
Ibn Majah, Muhammad Bin Yazid 1997. Sunan Ibn Majah. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 568.
12
Abi Dawud, Sulaiman As’ath 2004. Sunan Abi Dawud. Maktabah al-Ma’arif. Ms 601.
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Islam also prohibits his follower to use contrivance or tricking them to do haram things. This has been stated by Prophet PBUH in his hadith regarding alcohol:
There will be a people of my nation who will drink wine by naming it other than its name…………….”
13
.
ii. Toyyiban
۬الـلح ض أ أۡ ىف ا م ْا لك سانل ا يأٓـي ا۬اب يط
نـطأيشل تٲ طخ ْا عبتت َ َ أُۡل َُِ
نيبم ۬ ُ
“O mankind Eat of that which is lawful and good
on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitân Satan. Verily, he is to you an open enemy
”
14
.
۬الـلح َ ُۡقز ا م ْا لك ا۬اب يط
نم أؤم ۦُب ۡتَأ ٓ ل َ ْا قت
“And eat of the things which Allah has provided for you, lawful and good
, and fear Allah in Whom you believe
”
15
. The meaning of Toyyiban based on Muslim scholar is a good food for mankind which do not give
harm or damage to their body and mind
16
. According to Imam As-Shafie, the food must be in good condition, good quality and we must not eat spoiled food
17
. These verses of the Holy Quran also stated that the concept of Toyyiban does not only apply for good food, but also in terms of
wants and needs such as drinks, clothes, vehicles and many more
18
. In the Holy Quran, the word Toyyiban has also been mentioned in other verses. The meaning of
the word has been discussed in a much bigger scope. Here Muslim scholars have many interpretations and a lot of discussion has been done just to figure out the real meaning of
Toyyiban. ALLAH said:
۬ ياء أۡ نك أسم ىف ۬ إبسل ن ك أُقل أۡك بر أز ر نم ْا لك ۖ ۬ ل مش ۬ نيمي نَ ن تنج ۖ
ُۚل ْا رك أشٱ ۬ ب يط ۬ ةُألب
۬ ر غ ر
13
Ibn Majah, Muhammad Bin Yazid 1997. Sunan Ibn Majah. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 568.
14
Al-Baqarah: 168
15
Al-Maidah: 88
16
Ibnu Kathir, Abi al- Fida’ 2000. Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim. Kaherah: Muassasah al-Qurtubah. Jilid 2, Ms 144.
17
Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 3, Ms 11.
18
Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 8, Ms 120.
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Indeed there was for Saba Sheba a sign in their dwelling place, - two gardens on the right hand and on the left and it was said to them Eat of the provision of
your Lord, and be grateful to Him, A fair land and an Oft Forgiving Lord
19
. The word Baldatun Toyyibatun refers to a country which possesses wealth, a prosperous land, and
it receives continuous blessing and forgiveness from ALLAH SWT because all of the social economic activities have been lawfully executed and the people there refrain from haram
things
20
. It is a peaceful country with an assurance of safety, where famine does not exist and its people are blessed by ALLAH SWT. They are constantly guided on the right track and they
steered clear away from any wrongdoings
21
. It is a country that has a lot of trees and fruits, from which the country becomes developed, and is generated by halal income
22
. Even though these verses of the Holy Quran
are referring to the glorious and prosperous Saba’ kingdom, it was the implementation of the economic activities based on halal application that
plays an important role in turning it into a country that ALLAH SWT referred to as Baldatun Toyyibatun Wa Rabbun Ghafur.
The development of such country flourished from total surrender to the greatness of ALLAH SWT, the social aspects are based on knowledge and faith to ALLAH
SWT, and the economic strength comes from the pillars of tauhid and fekah fundamentals study of Islam. Also, such country will prioritize people’s welfare so that each generation will reap the
benefits of the development and prosperity of the nation. All of these characteristics are the important elements in ensuring the country is in the right track to achieve the blessing and
forgiveness of ALLAH SWT in order to be Baldatun Toyyibatun Wa Rabbun Ghafur.
Research Methodology
The framework proposed in this study is based on two staged of data collection. First stage, five 5 preliminary interviews were conducted in which each interview took more than hour. The
questions that were asked covered the informant’s background, type of company, experience in the industry and the awareness of Islamic management and Islamic term in managing. Second
stage, three 3 Muslim scholars who are experts in Shariah perspective were interviewed in order to identify whether the halalan toyyiban concept was applied to the current process of
management in the retailing store.
The first stage of the interviews was to identify the current state of management process in small and medium size retailing store. When the existing process was identified, the second
stage of interviews was needed to reconfirm whether the existing management process was carried out in accordance to the Shariah compliance. As in this study, Shariah compliance means
everything that will be managed in accordance to the Shariah principles and procedures, in which
19
Saba’: 15
20
Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 17, Ms 291.
21
Tabari, Abi Ja’far Muhammad 2001. Tafsir al-Tabari. Kaherah: Dar Hajr. Jilid 19, Ms 248.
22
Syawkani, Muhammad Bin Ali 2007. Fath Qadir. Beirut: Dar al- Ma’rifah. Ms 1193.
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those process, are consistent with the principles of Islamic laws. Therefore, from the interviews that are conducted, the researcher reached a saturated point in which the proposed framework was
developed.
Table 1: The background of informants in the first stage of interviews. Position
Type of company Length of experience in the
industry Islamic management
process Owner
Small retail outlet 4-5 years
Not sure Managing
Director Big chain retailer
More than 20 years Aware
Manager Medium retail
outlet More than 10 years
Aware Owner
Grocery shop More than 15 years
Not sure Manager
Restaurant More than 15 years
Not sure Table 2: The background of informants in the second stage of interviews.
Position Industry
Types of companysector
Length of experience
Islamic management
process Islamic study
Lecturer Education
University More than 20
years Aware
Muslim scholar
Islamic department
Public sector government
More than 15 years
Aware Muslim
scholar Education
department Public
sectorgovernment More than 15
years Aware
From the interviews conducted, there were three factors comprising of the knowledge of halalan toyyiban, a total segregation of a product and acknowledgement enforcement by the government
agencies that contributed to achieved halal retailing management.