Halal Halalan Toyyiban Concept Based on Quran and Hadith

MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 233 “ O mankind Eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitân Satan. Verily, he is to you an open enemy :” 3 . Halal products are those which are Shariah compliant; i.e. not involved with the use of haram prohibited ingredients, exploitation of labour or environment, and are not harmful or intended for harmful use. It has been said clearly by Al-Qurtubi in his writings that a person should know whether something is halal or haram before it is consumed or used [4]. Prophet PBUH said: “Halal the Lawful Permissible is clear and Haram the Unlawful Impermissible is clear. Between halal and haram lays some doubtful things. Many people do not know whether it is permissible or not. Whoever leaves out these doubtful things in order to protect his religion and honour, and then he is safe. Whoever indulges in these doubtful thingsmatters it is very possible that he will fall into haram, similar to a person who grazes his animals near the royal pasture it is very possible that one day he will graze in the royal pasture. Behold Every king has a royal pasture and the royal pasture of Allah is those things which have been made impermissible .” 5 ALLAH SWT only accepts everything that is halal and clean from human beings. Whatever we do, we should bear in mind that ALLAH SWT is always there observing us. This is why we have to make sure that everything that we are going to do or be involved in must be halal and clean. This matter has been narrated from the Prophet PBUH in one hadith: On the authority of Abu Huraira may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of Allah said: “Allah the Almighty is good and accepts only that which is good. Allah has commanded the Faithful to do that which He commanded the Messengers, and the Almighty has said: “O ye Messengers Eat of the good things, and do right..” Quran 23:51. And Allah the Almighty has said: “O ye who believe Eat of the good things wherewith We have provided you. .” 2:172. Then he mentioned [the case of] a man who, having journeyed far, is dishevelled and dusty and who spreads out his hands to the sky [saying]: O Lord O Lord-while his food is unlawful, his drink is unlawful, his clothing unlawful, and he is nou rished unlawfully, so how can he be answered” 6 . The Prophet PBUH had reminded us that, there will come a day when mankind will not think about halal and haram anymore in their daily activities. Prophet PBUH said: 3 Al-Baqarah: 168 4 Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 3, Ms 11. 5 Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Bin Ismail 1980. Al-Jamik al-Sahih. Kaherah: al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyah. Jilid 1, Ms 34. 6 Muslim, Abi Husain 2001. Sahih Muslim Bi Sharh al-Nawawi. Kaherah: Dar al-Hadith. Jilid 4, Ms 106. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 234 “Sayyidina Abu Hurayrah radhiallahu anhu reports that the Prophet salallahu alaihi wasallam said, “A time will come upon the people wherein a man will not bother what he intakes; whether from a halal or haram source .” 7 . The Prophet PBUH also told us to avoid any suspicious action. That is why we need to be firm in our action. Prophet PBUH said: “The Prophet salallahu alaihi wa sallam said, “Avoid whatever you have doubts about in favour of what is not doubtful .” 8 . The Prophet PBUH had reminded us about the dangers and threats for those who are involved in haram activities. Prophet PBUH said: Sayyidina Ka`b Ibn Ujrah radhiallahu anhu relates that the Prophet salallahu alaihi wasallam said, “A body nourished with a haram source will not enter Jannah ”. 9 Sayyidina Sad radhiallahu anhu relates that the Prophet salallahu alaihi was sallam said “O Sad purify your food and as a result you will become one whose supplications are accepted. I swear by Him in whose hands the soul of Muhammad lies, verily a servant of Allah tosses a haram impermissible food morsel in his stomach due to which no good deed is accepted from him for 40 days” 10 . In Islam, the Ussul Fikh had indicated that, “All things that would lead to haram, is considered haram ”. So the sin of involving in haram activities is not only for those who do it, but also for those who are involved with the sinner either directly or indirectly. Alcohol and usury are two such examples, as the Prophet PBUH said: It was reported by Anas may Allah be pleased with him, that Prophet M uhammad pbuh said: God’s curse falls on ten groups of people who deal with alcohol. The one who distils it, the one for whom it has been distilled, the one who drinks it, the one who transports it, the one to who it has been brought, the one whom serves it, the one who sells it, the one who utilizes money from it, the one who buys it and the one who buys it for someone else ”. 11 . Narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas’ud: Rasullulah Salallahu Alayhi Wasallam cursed the one who accepted usury, the one who paid it, the one who witness it, and the one who recorded it 12 . 7 Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Bin Ismail 1980. Al-Jamik al-Sahih. Kaherah: al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyah. Jilid 2, Ms 77. 8 Tirmizi, Muhammad Bin Isa 1997. Sunan al-Tirmizi. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 567. 9 Tirmizi, Muhammad Bin Isa 1997. Sunan al-Tirmizi. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 155. 10 Ibn Majah, Muhammad Bin Yazid 1997. Sunan Ibn Majah. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 567. 11 Ibn Majah, Muhammad Bin Yazid 1997. Sunan Ibn Majah. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 568. 12 Abi Dawud, Sulaiman As’ath 2004. Sunan Abi Dawud. Maktabah al-Ma’arif. Ms 601. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 235 Islam also prohibits his follower to use contrivance or tricking them to do haram things. This has been stated by Prophet PBUH in his hadith regarding alcohol: There will be a people of my nation who will drink wine by naming it other than its name…………….” 13 . ii. Toyyiban ۬الـلح ض أ أۡ ىف ا م ْا لك سانل ا يأٓـي ا۬اب يط نـطأيشل تٲ طخ ْا عبتت َ َ أُۡل َُِ نيبم ۬ ُ “O mankind Eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitân Satan. Verily, he is to you an open enemy ” 14 . ۬الـلح َ ُۡقز ا م ْا لك ا۬اب يط نم أؤم ۦُب ۡتَأ ٓ ل َ ْا قت “And eat of the things which Allah has provided for you, lawful and good , and fear Allah in Whom you believe ” 15 . The meaning of Toyyiban based on Muslim scholar is a good food for mankind which do not give harm or damage to their body and mind 16 . According to Imam As-Shafie, the food must be in good condition, good quality and we must not eat spoiled food 17 . These verses of the Holy Quran also stated that the concept of Toyyiban does not only apply for good food, but also in terms of wants and needs such as drinks, clothes, vehicles and many more 18 . In the Holy Quran, the word Toyyiban has also been mentioned in other verses. The meaning of the word has been discussed in a much bigger scope. Here Muslim scholars have many interpretations and a lot of discussion has been done just to figure out the real meaning of Toyyiban. ALLAH said: ۬ ياء أۡ نك أسم ىف ۬ إبسل ن ك أُقل أۡك بر أز ر نم ْا لك ۖ ۬ ل مش ۬ نيمي نَ ن تنج ۖ ُۚل ْا رك أشٱ ۬ ب يط ۬ ةُألب ۬ ر غ ر 13 Ibn Majah, Muhammad Bin Yazid 1997. Sunan Ibn Majah. Riyadh: Maktabah al- Ma’arif. Ms 568. 14 Al-Baqarah: 168 15 Al-Maidah: 88 16 Ibnu Kathir, Abi al- Fida’ 2000. Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim. Kaherah: Muassasah al-Qurtubah. Jilid 2, Ms 144. 17 Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 3, Ms 11. 18 Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 8, Ms 120. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 236 Indeed there was for Saba Sheba a sign in their dwelling place, - two gardens on the right hand and on the left and it was said to them Eat of the provision of your Lord, and be grateful to Him, A fair land and an Oft Forgiving Lord 19 . The word Baldatun Toyyibatun refers to a country which possesses wealth, a prosperous land, and it receives continuous blessing and forgiveness from ALLAH SWT because all of the social economic activities have been lawfully executed and the people there refrain from haram things 20 . It is a peaceful country with an assurance of safety, where famine does not exist and its people are blessed by ALLAH SWT. They are constantly guided on the right track and they steered clear away from any wrongdoings 21 . It is a country that has a lot of trees and fruits, from which the country becomes developed, and is generated by halal income 22 . Even though these verses of the Holy Quran are referring to the glorious and prosperous Saba’ kingdom, it was the implementation of the economic activities based on halal application that plays an important role in turning it into a country that ALLAH SWT referred to as Baldatun Toyyibatun Wa Rabbun Ghafur. The development of such country flourished from total surrender to the greatness of ALLAH SWT, the social aspects are based on knowledge and faith to ALLAH SWT, and the economic strength comes from the pillars of tauhid and fekah fundamentals study of Islam. Also, such country will prioritize people’s welfare so that each generation will reap the benefits of the development and prosperity of the nation. All of these characteristics are the important elements in ensuring the country is in the right track to achieve the blessing and forgiveness of ALLAH SWT in order to be Baldatun Toyyibatun Wa Rabbun Ghafur. Research Methodology The framework proposed in this study is based on two staged of data collection. First stage, five 5 preliminary interviews were conducted in which each interview took more than hour. The questions that were asked covered the informant’s background, type of company, experience in the industry and the awareness of Islamic management and Islamic term in managing. Second stage, three 3 Muslim scholars who are experts in Shariah perspective were interviewed in order to identify whether the halalan toyyiban concept was applied to the current process of management in the retailing store. The first stage of the interviews was to identify the current state of management process in small and medium size retailing store. When the existing process was identified, the second stage of interviews was needed to reconfirm whether the existing management process was carried out in accordance to the Shariah compliance. As in this study, Shariah compliance means everything that will be managed in accordance to the Shariah principles and procedures, in which 19 Saba’: 15 20 Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Bin Ahmad 2006. Al-Jamik Li Ahkam al-Quran. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Jilid 17, Ms 291. 21 Tabari, Abi Ja’far Muhammad 2001. Tafsir al-Tabari. Kaherah: Dar Hajr. Jilid 19, Ms 248. 22 Syawkani, Muhammad Bin Ali 2007. Fath Qadir. Beirut: Dar al- Ma’rifah. Ms 1193. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 237 those process, are consistent with the principles of Islamic laws. Therefore, from the interviews that are conducted, the researcher reached a saturated point in which the proposed framework was developed. Table 1: The background of informants in the first stage of interviews. Position Type of company Length of experience in the industry Islamic management process Owner Small retail outlet 4-5 years Not sure Managing Director Big chain retailer More than 20 years Aware Manager Medium retail outlet More than 10 years Aware Owner Grocery shop More than 15 years Not sure Manager Restaurant More than 15 years Not sure Table 2: The background of informants in the second stage of interviews. Position Industry Types of companysector Length of experience Islamic management process Islamic study Lecturer Education University More than 20 years Aware Muslim scholar Islamic department Public sector government More than 15 years Aware Muslim scholar Education department Public sectorgovernment More than 15 years Aware From the interviews conducted, there were three factors comprising of the knowledge of halalan toyyiban, a total segregation of a product and acknowledgement enforcement by the government agencies that contributed to achieved halal retailing management.

4. Proposed Conceptual Framework

As the outcome from the study, Table 3 envisions the proposed conceptual framework of the halalan toyyiban concept of the retailing management and Malaysia is one of the examples. Knowledge of Halalan Toyyiban in retailing Total Segregation of a product Acknowledgement and Enforcement by the government agencies Halalan Toyyiban concept in Retailing Management MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 238 Table 3: Factors determining Halalan Toyyiban Concept in Retailing Management A halal retailing management refers to the activities of retail business like record keeping, banking system, staff management, product arrangement and inventory management.

i. Knowledge of Halalan Toyyiban in Retailing

Knowledge is an important key and play major roles in implementing a specific task; i.e. management job. Without knowledge, all action and transaction will be impeded and will not work according to plan. ALLAH SWT said in Quran: “ALLAH will exalt those of you who believe, and those who are given knowledge, in high degree; and ALLAH is Aware of what you do”. QS, Al-Mujadila: 11 “What He who is obedient during hours of the night, prostrating himself and standing, takes care of the hereafter and hopes for the mercy of his Lord Say: Are those who know and those who do not know alike? Only the men of understanding are mindful”. QS, Az-Zumar: 9 Knowledge here means everything that you are doing with your life in this world and the hereafter. This is because Islam is a complete religion that does not segregate life in this world and the hereafter. All of our actions in this world will affect our life in the hereafter. Our actions will be properly guided according to the need of Islam with knowledge. It will be our personal governance when we are faced with a tough decision: either to follow Islamic way or conventional way. Without a strong foundation of Islam; a businessman will easily fall prey into the trap of usury that are usually offered by conventional banks or financial institutions. They also might modify the record keeping just to fulfil their interest and consequently this would lead to cheating in their inventories. In addition, they might oppress their workers. Their end products will be a mixture of halal and haram, and there is only a thin line between the two. A manager can avoid all this from happening only by pure Islamic governance, and a true knowledge of Halalan Toyyiban to be implemented in his management. H 1 – It is knowledge of halalan toyyiban that will determine a halal retailing management. ii. Total Segregation of non-halal product The second factor is segregation. Proper segregation will lead to halal supply chain. Proper segregation can be classified as handling, packaging, transporting and storing. Handling, packaging, transporting and storing of food must be segregated between halal and non-halal products so that contamination among the products can be prevented Harlina, 2011. But when