I am the type of person who is easily offended

MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 37 Two question items of Emotional Stability dimension, which the fifth factorcomponent was rejected because it had insufficient loading factor value. Two items of question that were expected to help forming these dimensions did not meet the requirements of desired loading factor value, namely question: I am always able to control my feelings and I am the type of person who is easily offended. Two items of this question essentially measures a person’s ability and inability to control the feelings. The nature based on respondents’ response in this research are not included in Emotional Stability dimension, while conceptually assumed be a major item for this dimension. A possible explanation is given for this result is that the respondents felt very hesitant to identify themselves on the side of feeling control or not control the feelings. The respondents generally felt that they were in some situations or for some things can control their feelings well, but for some others were not. CONCLUSION This research concluded that the conceptualization of FFM which consist of five main dimensions of personality, has met the requirements of construct validity. The test results of factor analysis produced five dimension of personality, in a row based on the percentage of data variance which was capable explained: conscientiousness 18 items, extraversion-introversion 18 items, agreeableness 12 items, openness to experience 14 items, and emotional stability 12 items. In addition, this five dimensions of FFM also have good level of reliability. This research provides the strong support for the conceptualization of the dimensions of FFM, so that the items of measurement can be considered more workable to be used in practical purposes such as employee selection, training and development, promotion, and other practices of Human Resources Management HRM. The practitioner of organizations, particularly HRM practitioners are advised to use the conceptualization and measurements that have been empirically proven to improve the fit among employees with jobprofession that they run. Future research also needs to clarify the influence of the FFM dimension on the performance of employees, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, should be conducted a research involving respondents from various professions to infer between the personality dimension score with jobprofession that they run. REFERENCES Burke, L. A., Witt, L. A. 2004. Personality and High-Maintenance Employee Behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18 3: 349-363 Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. 1992. The NEO-PI Personality Inventory, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Elanain, H. M. A. 2007. The Five-Factor Model of Personality and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in United Arab Emirates. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 72 3: 47-57 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 38 Ferguson, E. 2004. Conscientiousness, emotional stability, perceived control and the frequency, recency, rate and years of blood donor behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology; 9: 293-314 Foldes, H. J., Duehr, E. E., Ones, D. S. 2008. Group differences in personality: meta-analyses comparing five U.S. racial groups. Personnel Psychology; 61 3: 579- 616 Friedman, M., Rosenman, R. H. 1974. Type A behavior and your heart. New York. Knopf. Furnham, A., Petrides, K. V., Tsaosis, I., Pappas, K., Garrod, D. 2005. A Cross- Cultural Investigation into the relationships between personality traits and work values. The Journal of Psychology; 139 1: 5-32 Gill, C. M., Hodgkinson, G. P. 2007. Development and Validation of the five-factor model questionnaire FFMQ: an adjectival-based personality inventory for use in accupational settings. Personnel Psychology, 60 3: 731-766. Greenberg, J., and Baron, R.A. 2000. Behavior in Organization: Understanding and Managing the Human Side of Work . Prentice Hall International, New Jersey Guthrie, J. P., Ash, R. A., Bandapudi, P. 1995. Additional validity evidence for a measure of morningness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 184-193. Hair, Jr. J. F, Aderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C. 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis . Prentice-Hall International, Inc. United States Isen, A. M., Baron, R. A. 1992. Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior. In B. M. Staw L. L. Cummings, eds. Research in organizational behavior vol. 13: 1-54. Greenwich, CT. JAI Press. Judge, T. A., Erez, A. 2007. Interaction and intersection: the constellation of emotional stability and extraversion in predicting performance. Personnel Psychology; 60 3: 573-596 Judge, T. A., Martocchio, J. J., Thoresn, C. J. 1998. Five-factor model of personality and employee absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 745-755. Juhasz, G., Chase, D., Pegg, E., Downey, D., Toth, Z. G., Stones, K., Platt, H., Mekli, K., Payton, A., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, J. F. W. 2009. CNRI gene is associated with high neuroticism and agreeableness and interacts with recent negative life events to predict current depressive symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34: 2019-2027. Marcus, D., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C. 2007. Personality dimensions explaining relationships between integrity test and counterproductive behavior: Big Five, or one in addition? Personnel Psychology; 60: 1-34. Mount, K., Barrick, M. R., Scullen, S. M., Rounds, J. 2005. Higher-order MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 39 dimensions of the big five personality and the big six vocational interest type. Personnel Psychology; 58 2 447-478 Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. 2009. Organizational Behavior. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Salekin, R. T., Leistico, A. R., Trobst, K. K., Schrum, C. L., Lochman, J. E. 2005. Adolescent Psychopathy and Personality Theory-the Interpersonal Circumplex: Expanding Evidence of a Nomological Net. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33 4: 445 –460 Salgado, J. F. 1997. The five-factor model of personality and job performance in the European community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 30-43. Saucier, G. Ostedorf, F. 1999. Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big Five personality factors: A cross-language replication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 4: 613-627. Sekaran, U. 2000. Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. John Willey Sons, Inc. United Staed of America Weaven, S., Grace, D., Manning, M. 2009. Franchisee personality An examination in the context of franchise unit density and service classification. European Journal of Marketing , 4312: 90-109 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 40 The Effects of Shopping Lifestyle, Fashion Involvement, and Self Confidence on Impulse Buying Behavior on the Generation Y Banjarmasin ARIEF BUDIMAN, PhD ENJELA IMANIAR Faculty of Economics Business LambungMangkurat University Jl. Brigjend H. Hasan Basry Banjarmasin 70123, Indonesia abudimanunlam.ac.id angela_imaniarymail.com Abstract This study aims to analyse and investigate the influence of shopping lifestyle, fashion involvement, and self confidence towards impulse buying behavior on the Generation Y. Using online questionnaires the data were collected. The number of respondents who identified as samples in this study was a hundred fashion product consumers that categorized as Generation Y. The SmartPLS was employed to test the hypotheses. The results show that shopping lifestyle and self confidence significantly and positively related to fashion involvement. Furthermore, shopping lifestyle significantly and positively related to impulse buying behavior. While fashion involvement and self confidence had no significant affect to impulse buying behavior on the Generation Y. Keywords: Shopping Lifestyle, Fashion Involvement, Self Confidence, Impulse Buying Behavior, Generation Y Introduction In the marketing literature it is well known that there is an existence of Generation cohort which is play an important role in marketing science because a generation describes a group of individuals that born in a particular year group Gilboa, Fabio, Marinacci, Schmeidler, 2010. Experience in different generation, affect them to think and act, and lead to different attitudes from each group generation Strauss Howe, 1991. Marteney 2010 suggests that human generation is divided into six categories. The first generation is the Greatest Generation those who were born in1901 to 1924 world war II . The second generation is the Silent Generation those who were born in 1925 to 1942. The third generation is the Baby Boomers those who were born in 1943 to 1960. The fourth generation is Generation X those who were born in 1961 to 1981. The fifth generation is Generation Y those who were born in 1982 to 1994, and the sixth generation is Generation Z those born in 1995to 2010 Merdina, 2012. Consumer of Generation Y represents a significant percentage of population and recognized as an important market segment and shows the difference with previous generations in shopping lifestyle Bakwell Mitchel, 2003. The objective of this study is to analyse and investigate the influence of shopping lifestyle, fashion involvement, and self confidence towards impulse buying behavior on the Generation Y. Empirical research on this domain has to-date largely focused on western consumers and little evidence is available from Asian countries, particulalrly Indonesia. This study contributes to the consumer behaviour area by examining the relationship of those variables to Generation Y in Indonesia. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 41 LITERATURE REVIEW Generation Y Generation Y are people who were born from 1982 to 1994 Merdina, 2012. Consumer of Generation Y represents a significant percentage of population and recognized as an important market segment and shows the difference with previous generations in shopping lifestyle Bakwell Mitchel, 2003. Don Tapscott, Grown Up Digital author 2009, mentions that Generation Y or millennial are net generation who have characteristics as follows: loved freedom, customization, scrutiny, integrity, loved collaboration, loved entertainment, fast, and loved innovation. More over, Generation Y prefers to choose a product that is known through the information they got from television or internet, and then they will decided to buy the product or not. Shopping Lifestyle Shopping lifestyle is defined as behaviors exhibited by the buyer which associated with a responses and personal opinion about purchasing a product Cobb Hoyer, 1986. Shopping lifestyle is a shopper style that occurs specifically gave a pressure on shopping lifestyle which includes shopping activities, interests and opinions, and reflection as a complex social activity, recreation, and economic phenomena. Basically shopping lifestyle understood as a social phenomenon that is done by consumers as a form of recreation and economic activity Visser Preez, 2001. Fashion Involvement Fashion involvement is a behavior refers to the interest of attention with category of fashion products such as clothes. Fashion involvement used primarily to predict the variables of behavior which is related to products such as clothes, purchasing behavior and consumer characteristics Browne Kaldenberg, 1997. O’Cass 2004 found that fashion involvement on clothes are closely related to personal characteristics women and young people, and knowledge of fashion which is turn affect consumer confidence in making purchasing decisions. Self Confidence Self confidence defined as a feeling of containing the power, the ability and skills to perform something which is based on the confidence to succeed Bandura, 1977. Self confidence begins from own self determination, to do everything we want and need in life. Self confidence starts from faith in self, so that we are able to face the challenges of life and to do something about it Angelis, 2003:10. Impulse Buying Behavior Impulse buying behavior defined as a different purchasing behavior with purchase plan before going to the store Dell, Roger, Coney, 2001. Impulse buying behavior is a tendency of consumers to make spontaneous purchases, not reflected, in a rush, and encouraged by motional psychological aspects of a product and tempted by the persuasion of marketers Stern, 1962. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 42 Conceptual Framework In an attempt to describe the relationship between the variables in this study, can be explained through the frame work scheme as follows: FIGURE1. Conceptual Framework Source: Developed for research by the authors Hypotheses Shopping lifestyle become one of the most favorable lifestyle, to full this lifestyle people are willing to sacrifice something to achieve it and it is mostly occurs on fashion oriented-products. Frings 2007 found that the consumer motif to buy fashion product are various. Like based on to look like fashionable, attractive, to impress others, be acceptable by friends, peer group, or colleagues, or to full psychological the needs. Thus, H1: shopping lifestyle will have a significant positive effect on fashion involvement on the Generation Y in Banjarmasin Most people think shopping as fun social activities, so shopping lifestyle is chosen as a popular way to spend their leisure time. People love to look for new and interested thing that is offered in the market, shopping just for fun, people have a desire to innovative products, and the benefits that provided by those products then people tend to do impulse buying behavior. Impulse buying behavior usually occurs when consumers feel a strong motivation then turned into a desire to purchase goods or services. Cobb Hoyer 1986 found that shopping lifestyle maybe related to impulse buying behavior. Thus, H2: Shopping lifestyle will have a significant positive effect on impulse buying behavior on the Generation Y in Banjarmasin Fashion involvement refers to a pers on’s style of the way they dressed by an interest in one’s appearance. The awareness of fashion identified as an important dimension from someone lifestyle that influence buying behavior and consumer behavior. Fairhurst Gentry 1984 found that there is a positive relationship between fashion involvement and impulse buying behavior. Thus, H3: Fashion involvement will have a significant effect on impulse buying behavior on the Generation Y in Banjarmasin Self confidence has an important means of recognition of their existence in social life and community. Swastha Handoko 1987 found that everyone has a personality and one of them is self confidence, and it is effect a different thought about some product. It occurs on the way to chose product, the color of clothes, and motif on clothes. Thus, H4: Self confidence will have a significant effect on fashion involvement on the Generation Y in Banjarmasin Impulse Buying Behavior on Generation Y Y Fashion Involvement X Ї Self Confidence X Ј Shopping Lifestyle X І MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 43 Impulse buying behavior often occurs on certain products that quite attractive to consumers. Like fashion product or clothes, because clothes is not just serve as body protector but clothes can also be used as a means of increasing self confidence, prestige and a persons mood. Rook Fisher 1995 found that impulse buying behavior usually occurs when consumer feels strong motivation in confidence that come to be a desire to buy the product. Furthermore, they found that someone’s good mood is more conducive to do impulse buying. Thus, H5: Self confidence will have a significant effect on impulse buying behavior on the Generation Y in Banjarmasin. METHODOLOGY In this study, the explanatory method used to test the influence of shopping lifestyle, fashion involvement, and self confidence towards impulse buying behavior on Generation Y. The samping method that used in this study was convenience sampling procedure with 100 respondents that filled up the questionnaire on line. The invitation to particiapte on this study was sent through email, twitter, and other social media. All measures employed on this study were adapted from previous research that was similar on this study. Data Analysis Techniques Structural Equation Model SEM with SMART PLS was used to test the hyphoteses. PLS is a powerful method of analysis Wold, 1985 in Ghozali, 2008 because it is not based on many assumptions. For example, the data must be normally distributed, samples should not be large. It can be used to confirm the theory, PLS also can be used to explain the relationship between latent variables. PLS can as well as analyzing constructs formed with reflective and formative indicators. It cannot be done by SEM based covariance because it will be an unidentified model. EMPIRICAL RESULTS The data analysis in this study using PLS with program Smart PLS 2.0 and the following results: FIGURE 2. Structural Model MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 44 TABLE 2. Partial Least Square results Predicted Variable Predictor Variable Hyp Path Weight Variance due to path R 2 Critical Ratio Fashion Involvement Shopping Lifestyle H1 0.51 0.29 0.36 13.96 + Impulse Buying Behavior H2 0.70 0.48 21.81 + Impulse Buying Behavior Fashion Involvement H3 -0.00 0.00 + Fashion Involvement Self Confidence H4 0.21 0.07 4.11 + Impulse Buying Behavior H5 -0.05 0.007 0.48 1.03 + exceeds minimum acceptable level 0.015 exceeds minimum acceptable level 1.96 . All the constructs in this study have average variance explained AVE exceeded 0.50. Thus, the measures exhibited satisfactory convergent validity. More over, the composite reliability of the constructs were between 0.82 – 0.90. Hypotheses were tested using PLS based on the value of R 2 , average variance extracted AVE, regression weights and bootstrap critical ratios t-values and path variance. Table 2 shows that the cut-off point for the path coefficient is 0.015 15 of the variance and the bootstrap critical ratios for the path estimates should be greater than 1.96 as recommended by Ghozali 2008. Based on these results, the hypotheses 1, 2, and 4 were accepted and the hypotheses 3 and 5 were rejected. CONCLUSIONS Implications shopping lifestyle to fashion involvement Based on the results of statistical calculations, it can be concluded that the construct shopping lifestyle significantly effected on the construct of fashion involvement. It can be seen from the value of T-statistic greater than1.96, which is equal to 13,96. Thus, hypothesis one H1 in this study were accepted . This suggests that a person who has a high shopping lifestyle tend to have a high fashion anyway. This phenomenon can occur because the suspected respondent in this case Generation Y tend liked to shop and spend their money to make purchases on fashion-oriented goods. To stimulate consumer ’s shopping lifestyle on fashion product, the marketer can present products with the latest fashion products. Marketers can make a team to look for new ideas in create a trend, connections are connected and integrated with suppliers to share information on the products that will be sold as a fashion trend with good quality, and etc. Implications lifestyle shopping on impulse buying behavior Based on the results of statistical calculations, it can be concluded that the construct shopping lifestyle significantly effect on construct impulse buying behavior. It can be seen MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 45 from the value of T-statistic greater than1.96, which is equal to 21,81. Thus, hypothesis two H2 in this study were accepted. This suggests that a person who has a shopping lifestyle relatively high tend to spend more time in shopping centers and willing to make unplanned purchases than those who are not fond of shopping. This phenomenon can occur because the alleged activities of shopping for Generation Y, is no longer about fashion products to meet the needs, but rather to satisfy the pleasure and as a symbol of a particular image. The desire to shop is often encouraged them to buy goods that really are not needed and only based on interest in those goods through patterns and motif. To stimulate consumer ’s shopping lifestyle in unplanned purchases on fashion products, the marketer can do it by modify the display at their store. Display is one form of business marketers to create a stimulus for shopping. The purpose of the display is to highlight the fashion trend or demonstrate how products should be used. The way to do that is to introduce color trends of the season by combine the products with a specific theme, put a writing special price or special offer in the store, and decorate the store which made it more interesting and dramatic as possible in order to represent the image of store and stuff in it. Implications of self confidence to fashion involvement Based on the results of statistical analysis, it can be concluded that the self confidence significantly effect on fashion involvement construct. It can be seen from the value of T- statistic greater than1.96, which is equal to 4,11. Thus, hypothesis four H4 in this study were accepted. It shows that the higher a persons self confidence, the higher involvement of knowledge about fashion and fashion it self. This phenomenon can occur because the alleged involvement of the media television, internet, magazines, aand others which affects the way they dressed and a tendency to find out things in trend. Thus, in choosing fashion products, they tend to be influenced by self-esteem and subjective knowledge on products of fashion which they got from the media around them. To stimulate consumer ’s self confidence in product fashion, the marketers can do this by providing comprehensive information and details about the latest fashion products. The way to do that is doing intensive sales promotion through advertising and publishing product catalogs to increase awareness of fashion products, especially on a product that in trend. With the promotion is expected to make consumers become more aware of the importance of fashion and more confident in their clothes. References Angelis, B. D. 2003. Confidence: Finding it and Living it. Hay House Inc. Bakwell, C., Mitchel, V.-W. 2003. Generation Y female consumer decision making style. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management , 95-106. Bandura, A. 1977. Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Browne, B. A., Kaldenberg, D. O. 1997. Conceptualizing self-monitoring: links to materialism and product involvement. Journal of Consumer Marketing , 31-44. Cobb, C. J., Hoyer, W. D. 1986. Planned Versus Impulse Purhase Behavior. Journal of Retailing , 384-409. Dell, H., Roger, J. B., Coney, K. 2001. Consumer Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Djarwanto, P., Pangestu, S. 2001. Statistik Induktif. Yogyakarta: BPFE. Fairhurst, A. G., Gentry, J. 1984. Fashion Involvement: An Instrument validation procedure. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal , 10-14. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 46 Ferdinand, A. T. 2006. Structural Equation Modelling Dalam Penelitian Manajemen. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Frings, G. S. 2007. Fashion: From Concept to Consumer. Prentice Hall. Ghozali, I. 2008. Structural Equation Modeling Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Square. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Gilboa, I., Fabio, M., Marinacci, M., Schmeidler, D. 2010. Objective and Subjective Rationality in a Multiple Prior Model. Econometrica. Journal of The Econometric Society , 755-770. Hartono, J. 2005. Analisis Desain Sistem Informasi Pendekatan Terstruktur Teori dan Praktek Aplikasi Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Andi. Irawan, H. 2008. 10 Karakter Unik Konsumen Indonesia. Jakarta: Publishing One. Kuncoro, M. 2003. Metode Riset untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Jakarta: Erlangga. Marteney, J. 2009. Generational Differences and Communication. 20th Annual Sara Vanum Institute for Instructional Excellence - A Conference for Part-Time Faculty. Salem, Oregon: Professional Development and Organizational Development. Merdina, R. 2012. Potensi Digital Natives Dalam Representasi Literasi Informasi Multimedia Berbasis Web Di Perguruan Tinggi. Jurnal Pustakawan Indonesia , 5-14. OCass, A. 2004. Fashion Clothing Consumption: Antecedents and Consequences of Fashion Clothing Involvement. European Journal of Marketing , 869-882. Rook, D. W., Fisher, R. J. 1995. Normative Influences on Impulsive Buying Behavior. Journal of Consumer Research , 305-313. Stern, H. A. 1962. The significance of impulse buying today. Journal of Marketing , 59-62. Strauss, W., Howe, N. 1991. Generations. U.S: Weekly. Sugiyono. 2007. Statistik untuk Penelitian. Jakarta: CV. Alfabeta. Swastha, B., Handoko, H. 1987. Manajemen Pemasaran. Yogyakarta: Erlangga. Tapscott, D. 2009. Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation is Changing Your World. New York: McGraw-Hill. Visser, E., Preez, R. d. 2001. Apparel shopping orientation: Two decades of research. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences , 72-81. Zablocki, B. D., Kanter, R. M. 1976. 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MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 47 Cross-Cultural Adjustment among Foreign Expatriates of Oil and Gas Industry in Kuala Lumpur MOHD SYAHRIL MOHD SYUKRI International Business Department Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka MALAYSIA msyahrilmsyukrigmail.com FARRAH OTHMAN International Business Department Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka MALAYSIA farrahothmanmelaka.uitm.edu.my NORAZAMIMAH BOGAL Marketing Department Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka MALAYSIA azamimah174melaka.uitm.edu.my NURUL AIDA HARUN Insurance Department Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka MALAYSIA nurulaida552melaka.uitm.edu.my SURYA AHMAD ROYALI Marketing Department Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka MALAYSIA surya107melaka.uitm.edu.my Abstract The report stated 25 to 40 range of failed assignment McCaughey and Bruning 2005 which cost organizations approximately one million dollars per expatriate Shaffer and Harrison 1998; Shaffer, Harrison and Gilley, 1999. These issues most of the times come from the fact that expatriates are unable to familiarize themselves in the new environment they live in. Without effective adjustment, expatriates may perform poorly in foreign lands and end up reflecting badly on the image of their companies. The purpose of this study was to determine the significance factors that lead to cultural adjustment among foreign expatriates of oil and gas industry in Kuala Lumpur. The study will be conducted by using a survey MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 48 approach. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 70 foreign expatriates currently working in oil and gas industry in Kuala Lumpur using convenience sampling methods. The data was analyzed by using SPSS 22.0. Statistical test such as reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regressions were applied in this research. The finding indicated that social supports give the most influences to the level of cultural adjustment among foreign expatriates of oil and gas industry. The research also indicated spouse supports and cross-cultural training also give influences to the culture adjustment as well. Spouse supports have positive relationship towards the culture adjustment while cross-cultural training has negative relationship towards the culture adjustment. Social support in the host country was the most influenced predictor of cross-cultural adjustment that needs to highlight by multinational companies in order to minimize cost of expatriates failure. Key Words : Expatriates, Cross-cultural Adjustment, Social Support INTRODUCTION Globalization of business has led to more employees being sent on foreign assignments than ever before with every indication that the use of expatriates will continue to expand in the future Van der Bank Rothmann, 2006. It has been estimated that more than 250,000 employees of US firms work on overseas assignments Kraimer, Wayne and Jaworski, 2001 and 67 of companies reported an increase in the size of their expatriate population GMAC Global Relocation Services, 2008. This means that there is also an increasing of global assignments. Because global assignments are important for both individuals’ career growth and organizations’ global success, having a systematic means to predict who will be most likely to succeed in these critical assignments Is also increasing in importance. The need for multinational organizations to improve their ability to predict success on global assignments is compounded by the fact that many global assignments are not successful Black, Gregersen, Mendenhall, 1992. In order to advance on the expatriate adjustment and cross-cultural training, a research is needed to be conducted. The inability of a manager to adjust, the inability of a spouse and children to adjust plus of other issues Chew, 2004 is the main reason why expatriate failure occurs. Cross- cultural training has been described by most researchers as one of global human resource management’s most crucial activities and the potential benefits of effective training have been widely acknowledged Dowling Welch, 2004. The purpose of this paper is to examine the most influenced factor that can contribute to the expatriate’s adjustment. Malaysia was chosen as the research setting for an investigation of the factors that contribute to expatriate’s adjustment for some reason. English is a language commonly used in Malaysian organization by both host-country nationals and foreigners. This facilitated conducting research in one language with all participants. Malaysia also has a large population of foreign executive from various countries. This provided the perspectives of a reasonable number of foreign participants from a variety of cultural backgrounds. There were many MNC company from many different industries located in Kuala Lumpur. But the study is only focused to the expatriates that worked for an Oil and Gas Industry. Finding of this result may help the MNC there to determine the most influential factor to their expatriate’s adjustment. Problem Statement The report stated 25 to 40 range of failed assignment McCaughey and Bruning 2005 which cost organizations approximately one million dollars per expatriate Shaffer and MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 49 Harrison 1998; Shaffer, Harrison and Gilley 1999. These issues most of the times come from the fact that expatriates are unable to familiarize themselves in the new environment they live in. Without effective adjustment, expatriates may perform poorly in foreign lands and end up reflecting badly on the image of their companies. Past research has been fairly extensive in generating and testing factors that contribute to cross-cultural adjustment Bhaskar-Shrinivas et al. 2005. The international movement of human resources has generated the development of research which targets the adjustment of expatriates in the foreign cultures. However, previous research have been developed, designed and conducted mostly for the needs of American expatriates who are preparing for international assignments. Information on preparing to go for Malaysian assignments was rare and needed. This study investigated foreign expatriates of oil and gas industry in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia is one of a developing country. Organizations consider the country as a major market place for business expansion. Thus, this has pushed the inflow of expatriates into the country. According to the Malaysian Immigration Department 2009, Malaysia had 32,647 foreign expatriates with the service sector employing about 22,018 of them. When global companies need to maintain their identity, they rely on expatriates Tan Mahoney, 2006. Expatriates ease the link of companies with other operations in nearby countries, improve the company’s international knowledge and promote a clear understanding of international business Selmer Leung, 2002. Lee and Croker, 2006 conclude that expatriates execute a vital role for their organization such as managing, coordinating and sending information in between multinational and international businesses. A failure of expatriate’s adjustment can affect the company in terms of business opportunities that have been lost and bad reputation and believed that sending workers and their families for 3 years abroad can cost up to US1 million Ramalu, Rose, Uli and Kumar, 2010. Alongside the company losing some good opportunities, the expatriates also get affected by the loss of self-esteem, self-confidence, and prestige among peers Hechanova, Beehr and Christiansen, 2003. A consequence of insufficient preparation is that it causes adjustment problems when the expatriate is not familiar with the host country’s culture, and when the problems are not tackled in time, this might lead to failure of the foreign assignment Hutchings, 2005. It may further be a lack of personality skills for the expatriate to understand the cross-cultural interactions, a lack of technical abilities for the work to be done, a lack of motivation for the foreign assignment, or the expatriate may have difficulties to understand and adapt to either the physical or the cultural differences in the environment Littrell et al., 2006. All that things that contribute to the failing of expatriate in their international assignments can be solve with an effective cross-cultural adjustment. As a result this perhaps will help organizations elaborate on things they should do prior to hiring expatriates who will eventually help them experience good jobs performance from their employees and avoid premature return which has become a problem. Research Questions RQ1: Is there any significances relationship between the family and spouse support and the cross-cultural adjustment? RQ2: Is there any significances relationship between the social support and the cross- cultural adjustment? RQ3: Is there any significances relationship between the cross-cultural training and the cross- cultural adjustment? RQ4: Which variable contributes most in explaining how an expatriates form their cross- cultural adjustment? MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 50 Objectives of the Study  To identify whether there is significant relationship between family and spouse support towards cross-cultural adjustment  To identify whether there is significant relationship between social supports towards cross- cultural adjustment.  To identify whether there is significant relationship between cross-cultural training towards cross-cultural adjustment.  To identify the most influencing variables in forming an effective cross-cultural adjustment. Scope of Study This research is limiting itself only towards the expatriates that currently work in oil and gas industries located in Kuala Lumpur. This research is will focused on the factors that contribute to the expatriate’s adjustment process. The respondent of this study will be picked randomly among the expatriates Kuala Lumpur. The total respondents that need to be collected for this research is totaled 70 persons as the researcher didn’t have enough time to get more respondents for a given time. Significances Researcher The significant of the study to the researcher is it allows better understanding besides provide more knowledge and information to the researcher as regard to the cross-cultural adjustment. The study edify researcher to learn the right way of conducting business research by giving exposure and experience to conduct the study. By highlighted certain elements that can be consider as significant factors contributing to the cross-cultural adjustment, it allow researcher to come out with strong and good recommendation for strategies improvement and enhancement. Expatriates This study will be very helpful for the expatriates to perform well for their organization and help them reduce some dissatisfaction in their job. This research will help the management to aware on the need of expatriates and help the management to provide something for their expatriate to perform in their work. Multinational Corporations Finding of this study might be used by the management of companies in order to improve their expatri ation and to reduce down the number of expatriates’ immature returns. In addition companies can improve their skill to manage the expatriates. Limitations Access to Confidential Data and Availability of Data To finish this study, researcher needs much information from the company where the research conducted itself. Most of the documents and data are private and confidential thus made the researcher encountered some difficulties to access primary data. Most of this research information comes from secondary data sources. A secondary source only provides accuracy and availability of data that is fully depends on the published material. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 51 LITERATURE REVIEW Research Variables 1 Cross-cultural Adjustment Culture. Culture consists of patterns of behaviors that are acquired and transmitted by symbols overtime, which become generally shared within a group and are communicated to new members of the group in order to serve as a cognitive guide or blueprint for future actions Black and Mendenhall: 1990. This means people from different culture have a different patterns of behavior, believe and perspective on how they view this world. Those differences caused cross-culture problems when a person from different culture interacting with other people from other culture. The problem might arise because of the failure in communication either the language or some sort of styles in delivering the message. In general, degree of psychological comfort with various aspects of a host country is what is meant by cross-cultural adjustment Black, 1988. Cross-cultural adjustment is defined as the process of adaptation to living and working in a foreign culture which perceived degree of psychological comfort and familiarity a person has with the new host culture Black, 1991. U-curve theory of adjustment. Early research on expatriate adjustment focused mostly on cross-cultural adjustment issues and scholars relied on the U-curve theory UCT of adjustment. To describe the cross-cultural adjustment process of expatriate employees or sojourners within a host culture, the UCT will be used to refer Usunier, 1998. It includes discussions of four stages of adjustment. Refer to FIGURE 1. FIGURE 1: STAGES OF ADJUSTMENT Sources from: Usunier, J. 1998 The honeymoon stage occurs during the first week after arrival at the host country. Individuals are fascinated by the new and different culture. When the newcomers start to cope with the real conditions on a daily basis, the second stage begins which is culture shock. This stage is characterized by frustration and hostility towards the host nation and its people. The third stage is the adjustment stage, in which the individual gradually adapts to the new norms and values of the host country and is able to act more appropriately than they were before. Finally, in the mastery stage, the individual is able to function effectively in the new culture. Many studies have found that the crucial problem for the expatriate is that adaptation to the unfamiliar culture than with their professional expertise Aahad and Osman-Ghani 2000. Successful adaptation and cultural adjustment not only directly influence expatriates performance but also lead to corporate success in the international stage. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 52 2 Family and Spouse Supports Family supports refer to the cohesion or closeness that family members feel toward one another Olson et al, 1984. The amount of emotional support family members give to one another is the behavioral result from this family cohesion. With a healthy level of family support, the family members have the ability to form healthy autonomous bonds with others outside of the family system while still feeling as though they are an integrated part of the family system Minuchin, 1974. If the family is not supportive, they tend to ignore each other’s needs and lead to dysfunctional, especially during stressful periods. And when the family is “too” supportive, it is supportive to the point of being stifling, and the family members tend to be overly influenced by each me mber’s problems and concerns. This too can cause greater stress and reduce autonomy of the family members Paula M Caligiuri, Mary Anne M. Hyland, and Aparna Joshi, 1998. Family adaptability. According to Olson et al. 1984, the effectiveness of change in its rules of functioning as a result of the external stressor is used to indicate the adaptability of the family. Families need to adapt to the developmental changes of the family members and the extra familial pressures that influence the family Paula M Caligiuri, Mary Anne M. Hyland, and Aparna Joshi, 1998. Family that functioning well is able to accommodate the changes while maintaining the family system continuity Minchuin, 1974. Family communication. Communication is the third factor that emerges as a predominant theme in the literature on family systems. An effective communication is the characteristic that enables the evolution of the other two attributes of family functioning Olson et al. 1984. It is refers to the ability to exchange opinions, respect differing opinions, establish decision- making rules, resolve conflicts, and so on. A healthy level of family communication will result in both effective support as well as adaptability. A positive attitude toward the global assignment can help the families spend less energy on their anxieties and more energy on positive coping behaviors that would lead to better adjustment Feldman Tompson 1993. Spillover theory. This theory suggests that a working spouse’s experiences will carry over into the home likewise, home experiences can influence a person’s work life Crouter, 1984 It states that the relationship between affective responses in one’s work life and family life is reciprocal. Spillover occurs when workers carry their positive or negative emotions and attitudes from their work life into their home life Kelly Voydanoff 1985 and when they carry over emotions and attitudes from their home back to the work environment Belsky, Perry Jenkins Crouters, 1985. For these reason, the researcher believe the study of home to work in a global context is justified. A family adjustment is a mediator of the relationship between family characteristic and expatriates’ adjustment to working in the host country Paula M Caligiuri, Mary Anne M. Hyland, and Aparna Joshi, 1998. 3 Social Support Social support. Gottlied 2000 defined social support more broadly as the “process of interaction in relationships which improves coping, esteem, belonging, and competence through actual or perceived exchanges of physical or psychosocial resources” with the key features of interaction, coping, esteem, belonging, competence and exchange. It is emphasis on communication by indicating that social support is an interactive process. Social support can lead to improvement in several areas of health and well being. Communication that helps people cope with a situation, makes them feel better about themselves by raising their sense of self-esteem, reaffirms their association or sense of belonging to a group or improves their ability or competence to perform needed task all are considered forms of social support. Communication that leads to these supportive outcomes occurs through an exchange of physical or psychological resources between at least two individuals. While Schaefer, Coyne and Lazarus 1981 defined social support as emotional support, esteem support, network support, information support, tangible support. The emotional support is the communication that meets an individual’s emotional or affective needs. The MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 53 esteem support is the communication that bolsters an individuals’ self-esteem or beliefs in their ability to handle a problem or perform a needed task. Network support refers to communication that affirms individuals’ belonging to a network or reminds them of support available from the network. While information support is a communication that provides useful or needed information and last is tangible support which is any physical assistance provided by other. 4 Cross-cultural Training Cross-cultural Training or CCT. CCT has been defined in many different ways, but the definition to understand it in its entirety is that ‘it is the educative processes used to improve intercultural learning via the development of the cognitive, affective and behavioral competencies needed for successful interactions in diverse cultures’ Littrell, 2006. Generally, CCT was focused on preparing employees for overseas assignments, its incorporation into multicultural training means that organizations are now using it to improve the cultural awareness of domestic employees with the hope that it would empower them to interact with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Cross cultural training is designed to teach trainees both the content and skills that they need in order to effectively interact with culturally different others in cope with change. A cross cultural trained individual is less likely to be a victim of cross cultural misunderstanding or engaged inappropriate behaviors Black and Mendenhall, 1991. Due to the higher movement of international assignment, the issues that are associated with the management of human resources across international borders have become of increasing importance to international Human Resource Management IHRM mangers and academics. An individuals and organizations need to be cross-culturally sensitive, adaptive and responsive when managing internationally if non-adjustment and expatriate failure is to be avoided. Expatriates. An individuals who relocate from one country to the other for at least one year is called as expatriate Littrell, 2006. Most expatriation trainings focus on long term expatriation as opposed to short term or extended business visits. The difference between expatriation and short term visits is intensity because during a short term visit, the individual is mentally aware that he or she is going back to the home country, and is aware that it does not require as much adjustment as long term expatriation A. Eshter Joshua-Gojer, 2012. There is two types of CCT which is pre-departure training and after arrival training. Expatriates play central roles as controllers, coordinators and those who transfer knowledge within multinational and global firms. However, there is a lack of competent expatriates within companies Suutari Burch, 2001. Thus, training becomes an important way to promote the competence of expatriates. Cross-cultural Adjustment versus Family and Spouse Support Shaffer 1990 find spouse adjustment to be significantly positive to the related general adjustment. The fact that family plays an important role in expatriate adjustment is also supported by Bonsiep 2003 indicating that family adjustment is significantly positive related to work and interaction adjustment. Spouse is also found to be positively related with general adjustment in the studies of Black and Gregersen 1991. Cross-cultural Adjustment versus Social Support There were a past research on social support which has consistently shown that expatriates with higher level of social support can overcome the psychological distress associated with those aspects of working, living and interacting in the host country that are particularly difficult to adjust Farh, 2010. Besides, Stroppa and Spier 2011, has determined that social support is an essential factor related to the context of assignment to a foreign country. Kraimer and Wayne 2004, has composed social support into two sub-dimensions which is perceived organizational support and supervisor support. While Stroppa and Spier 2011, MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 54 classified social support into two components of co-worker and supervisor support. In 2007, Kupka and Cathro finds the social support literature suggests that support from multiple sources such as organizations, supervisors, and colleagues can promote an individual’s work adjustment by reducing psychological distress in multi-cultural situations. Thus, these variables by Kupka and Cathro are also adopted for this study. Cross-cultural Adjustment versus Cross-cultural Training CCT is important for a host of reasons. Black and Mendenhall 1990 wrote a review of previous studies done about the effectiveness of CCT. Their first finding supported their main argument that training gives an expatriate the ability to more easily adjust to a new culture and as a result of that, be able to perform better. And many studies had been conducted has a same result stating CCT helps expatriate’s adjustment. FIGURE 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Hypothesis H : There is no significance relationship between family and spouse support with cross- cultural adjustment. H 1 : There is a significance relationship between family and spouse support with cross-cultural adjustment. Cross-Cultural Adjustment Family and Spouse Support Social Support Cross-Cultural Training Independent Variables Dependent Variables MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 55 H : There is no significance relationship between social support and cross-cultural adjustment. H 1 : There is a significance relationship between social support and cross-cultural adjustment. H : There is no significance relationship between cross-cultural training and cross-cultural adjustment. H 1 : There is a significance relationship between cross-cultural training and cross-cultural adjustment. METHODOLOGY Sampling Frame For this research, in order to select a sampling frame, the sampling frame that being used in this study is engineer, geologist and managers in oil and gas industry that located in Kuala Lumpur. The samples were selected randomly among them. Sampling Technique The researcher use non-probability sampling technique which is named as a convenience sampling. It is being drawn from part of population which is close to hand. The sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations about the total population of foreign expatriates in Kuala Lumpur because it might be not representative enough. Sampling Size In summary, the samples in this research are considered to be sufficient in size to represent and generalize to the research population with an acceptable level of confidence. In multivariate research, including multiple regression analysis, the sample size should be several times as large as the number in variables in the study. The appropriate sample size for this study is 70 respondents which comprised people work in oil and gas industry in Kuala Lumpur. Research Instrument The researcher used the questionnaire as the major instrument to collect the data from respondents. The questionnaire made is consists of five sections: TABLE 1: QUESTIONNAIRE’S SECTIONS Section A is consisting of 6 questions, Section B is consisting of 5 Questions and Section C, D, E is consisting of 5 questions that are related with the factor that contribute to an expatriate’s adjustment. Certain proper scaling technique was used to make the information gathering more significant and reliable. For this research, a few measurements were used in the questionnaire design. Nominal Scale Multiple Choices This scale was used in Section A, where the respondents need to tick the right that suits them the most. Table below are the example of the question. Section A Demographic Profile Section B Cross-cultural Adjustment Section C Family Support Section D Social Support Section E Cross-cultural Training MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 56 TABLE 2: Nominal Scale Male Female √ Likert Scale In Section B until Section D, Likert Scale of five-point interval was used. The Likert Scales was designed to examine how strongly respondents agree or disagree with the statements on a five-point scale. The questionnaire would end with an expression of sincere gratitude from the researcher to the respondents. Example: TABLE 3: Point of Scale Data Collection Method Primary Data The primary data can be used to gather the information by asking the respondents about the factor that can contribute an expatriate’s adjustment. Method can be used such as surveying by having an interview or conversation with the readers in order to obtain the information. The advantage of using questionnaire is the researcher can collect all the complete responses within a short period of time and easy face-to-face respondent and also can be distribute the questionnaire via email by using Internet. Online Journal Besides that data mostly is gathered from the Emerald Insight and ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my website. It is to find the online journal that relate with the topic. It is written by various authors and provides much information to support the study. It might be useful to support some facts or information gathered from other sources. Online searches of information via the internet search engines such as Google and Yahoo are also being assessed to get the instant and updated data also being used as sources of information. Internet It is an effective tool in order to search lots of information. One of the benefits of Internet is all information provided is worldwide. Servers that can be used are Emerald Insight, Yahoo Search engine and Google Search engine. Data Analysis The study used Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS for the analysis data captured. The data gathered through this analysis are illustrated in the form of tables and bar charts for easy reference and understanding. Besides that, it also can get the number of respondents associated with different values of the variables and to express in percentage term. Furthermore, the researcher used Descriptive Analysis for this research. This method is divided into two types of analysis which is reliability test, frequency distribution, correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistic. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 57 FINDING Reliability Test According to William Zikmund 2000, when the Cronbach‘s Alpha is 8 - .9 it means the data obtained from study is considered as very good. Thus, all questions for this study are acceptable. The Cronbach‘s Alpha for the dependent variable is .862. It is within the rank of .8 - .9 which means the data obtained from study is considered very good. All 5 questions for this dependent variable are reliable. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this independent variable is .654 which is considered moderate. Although it is considered moderate but the questionnaire is still acceptable to be used. Reliability Statistic – Social Support Independent Variable Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items 0.748 5 TABLE 4: Reliability Statistic: Dependent And Independent Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items .875 20 TABLE 5: Reliability Statistic: Cross-Culture AdjustmentDependent Variable Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items 0.862 5 TABLE 6: Reliability Statistic: Family And Spouse Support Independent Variable Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items 0.645 5 TABLE 7: Reliability Statistic: Social Support Independent Variable MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 58 The Cronbach’s Alpha for this independent variable is .748 which is considered in the rank of .7 - .8 and considered good. That’s mean that the questionnaire is reliable. Reliability Statistic – Cross-cultural Training Independent Variable Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items 0.695 5 The Cronbach‘s Alpha for the dependent variable is .695. It is within the rank of .6 - .7 which means that the data obtained from study is considered moderate. All 5 questions for this dependent variable is still acceptable. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of all variables tested were all above 0.6. Therefore, this shows that there is inter-item consistency reliability among the variables analyzed. Frequency Distribution The findings are derived from 70 sets of questionnaires that are distributed randomly among the foreign expatriates that worked in Oil and Gas Company in Kuala Lumpur. This analysis described the demographic variables of the respondents. Demographic Profile The table 4.7 indicates the gender of respondents who answered the questionnaire. Based on the data gathered, there are 59 male respondents and 11 female respondents which is 80.0 and 20.0 respectively. As conclusion, the respondents mostly are a male. TABLE 8: Reliability Statistic: Cross-cultural Training Independent Variable TABLE 9: Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 56 80.0 80.0 80.0 Female 14 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 70 100.0 100.0 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 59 TABLE 10: Marital Status The TABLE 10 indicates the marital status of respondents of these studies. Based on the table, there is 32 respondents are single, 24 respondents married and the rest already divorced means that 45.7 of respondents are single, 34.3 married and 20.0 already divorced. As a conclusion, most of the respondents are single respondents. TABLE 11: Age The TABLE 11 indicates the age of the respondents that answering the questionnaire. The table shows that there are only 2 respondents that are age between 20 to 30 years which means 2.9 of the total respondents. 41 persons or 58.6 of respondents are between 31 to 40 years, 22 persons or 31.4 between 41 to 50 years and 5 persons or 7.1 are above 50 years. Therefore, most of the respondents are between 31 to 40 years. Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Single 32 45.7 45.7 45.7 Married 24 34.3 34.3 80.0 Divorced 14 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 70 100.0 100.0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 20-30 2 2.9 2.9 2.9 31-40 41 58.6 58.6 61.4 41-50 22 31.4 31.4 92.9 50 5 7.1 7.1 100.0 70 100.0 100.0 TABLE 12: Region of Origin Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid European 15 21.4 21.4 21.4 Asian 17 24.3 24.3 45.7 North American 8 11.4 11.4 57.1 South American 14 20.0 20.0 77.1 Australian 16 22.9 22.9 100.0 Total 70 100.0 100.0 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 60 TABLE 12 indicates the region of origin of the respondents. It states that there are 15 respondents comes from region of Europe, 17 respondents are from Asia region, 8 from North America, 14 respondents from South America and 16 respondents are from Australia. The highest is from Asian region which is 24.3 of the overall respondents and the lowest is 11.4 which comes from North America. TABLE 13 indicates the education level of the respondents of these studies. The table shows there are 15 respondents that are holding Diploma which is 21.3 of the total respondents, 50 persons or 71.4 of respondents holding Bachelor Degree and 5 respondent holding Master Degree which is 7.1. From that, we can see most of the respondents are holding Bachelor Degree. TABLE 13: Education Level Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Diploma 15 21.4 21.4 21.4 Bachelor Degree 50 71.4 71.4 92.9 Master Degree 5 7.1 7.1 100.0 Total 70 100.0 100.0 TABLE 14: Correlation Statistic . Correlation is significant at 0.01 level 2-tailed. Variables DV IV1 IV2 IV3 Cross-cultural Adjustment DV Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. 2-tailed N 70 Family and Spouse Support IV1 Pearson Correlation .364 1 Sig. 2-tailed .002 N 70 70 Social Support IV2 Pearson Correlation .772 .377 1 Sig. 2-tailed .000 .001 N 70 70 70 Cross-cultural Training IV3 Pearson Correlation .334 .447 .557 1 Sig. 2-tailed .005 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 61 The intercorrelations among the study variables are shown in TABLE 14. This table is measure using Pearson Correlation matrix. A Pearson correlation matrix will indicate the direction, strength, and significance of the bivariate relationships among all the variables that were measured at an interval or ratio level. The correlation is derived by assessing the variations in one variable as another variable also varies. Family and Spouse Support First independent variable which is family and spouse support, the result of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a moderate relationship r=0.364, p0.01 between family and spouse and cross-culture adjustment. P-value is very significant and it shows that there is an empirical evidence to suggest that there is a relationship between family and spouse supports and cross-culture adjustment, hence family and spouse supports have an impact towards expatriate’s cross-culture adjustment. Therefore, the two variables are related. Social Supports Second independent variable which is social support, the result of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a Moderate Relationship r=0.772, p0.01 between social and cross- culture adjustment. P-value is very significant and it shows that there is an empirical evidence to suggest that there is a relationship between social supports and cross-culture adjustment, hence social supports have an impact towards expatriate’s cross-culture adjustment. Therefore, the two variables are related. Cross-cultural Training Third independent variable which is cross-cultural training, the result of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a moderate relationship r=0.334, p0.01 between cross-cultural training and cross-culture adjustment. P-value is very significant and it shows that there is an empirical evidence to suggest that there is a relationship between cross-cultural training and cross-culture adjustment, hence cross-cultural training have an impac t towards expatriate’s cross-culture adjustment. Therefore, the two variables are related. Descriptive Analysis This research will be emphasize on descriptive analysis in which to find research objective on which culture could give dominant impact to the performance management. It is based on likert scale, where 1 is strongly disagree until 5 that is strongly agree. Based on Table above, the mean on all variables are observed as somewhat enriched. The maximum of 5 indicates that some are highly agree with all variable cross-cultural adjustment, family and spouse support, social support and cross. The values for minimum that ranged from 1.20 to 2.00 indicate that some were rather low on the study variables. TABLE 15 shows the ranking of factor of descriptive statistics which indicated the most TABLE 15: Descriptive Statistic N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation DV 70 2.20 5.00 4.0571 .62242 IV1 70 2.00 5.00 3.4829 .61053 IV2 70 1.20 5.00 3.8114 .74979 IV3 70 1.20 4.80 3.2371 .69139 Valid N listwise 70 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 62 influence factors to the cross-cultural adjustment among foreign expatriate in Kuala Lumpur. The factor that influenced the most towards cross-cultural adjustment is social supports. This is because it has the highest mean which is 3.8114. Therefore, social support is the most influence factor that gives impact towards cross-culture adjustment among foreign expatriates in Kuala Lumpur which worked in oil and gas industry. Regression Analysis Regression analysis was conducted to establish the contribution of family and spouse supports, social supports and cross-cultural training independent variables to foreign expatriates of Oil and Gas Industry adjustment’s in Kuala Lumpur. According to the results in TABLE 16, family and spouse supports, social supports and cross-cultural training accounted for 62 R Square = 0.625 of the variation in foreign expatriates of oil and gas industry adjustment’s. The results also indicate that an estimation of foreign expatriates of oil and gas industry adjustments can only be wrong by 0.39. TABLE 16: Model Summary b Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .790 .625 .608 .38993 a. Predictiors: Constat, CrossCulturalTraining, FamilyandSpouseSupport, SocialSupport b. Dependent Variable: Cross Cultural Adjustment Table 17: ANOVA a Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 16.696 3 5.565 36.604 .000 b Residual 10.035 66 .152 Total 26.731 69 a. Predictiors: Constat, Cross Cultural Training, Family and SpouseSupport, SocialSupport b. Dependent Varialbe: CrossCulturalAdjustment MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 63 ANOVA test TABLE 17 revealed an F-value of 36.604 and P-value of 0.00. Since P-value is far much less than the alpha level 0.05, it implies that independent variables, contributed significantly to variation in the dependent variable. Family and Spouse Supports Based on TABLE 18, the coefficient for family and spouse supports is 0.137 which means the variables has positive relationship. So for every 1 unit of standard deviation change in family and spouse supports is expected to result in a 0.137 unit of standard deviation change in cross- cultural adjustment is predicted, holding all other variables constant. The coefficient for family and spouse supports 0.137 is not significantly related to cross cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.114, which is larger than 0.05. Hence, for Objective 1, reject H 1 and accept H . Social Support Based on TABLE 18, the coefficient for social supports is 0. 825 which mean the variables have positive relationship. So for every 1 unit of standard deviation change in social supports is expected to result in 0. 825 standard deviation changes in cross-cultural adjustment are predicted, holding all other variables constant. The coefficient for social supports 0. 825 is significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.000, which is smaller than 0.05. Hence, for Objective 2, reject H and accept H 1 . TABLE 18: Coefficients a Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 Constant 1.505 .313 4.799 .000 FamilyandSpouseSupport .140 .087 .137 1.600 .114 SocialSupport .685 .077 .825 8.946 .000 CrossCulturalTraining -.168 .086 -.186 -1.951 .055 a. Dependent Variable: CrossCulturalAdjustment Objective 1: To identify whether there is significant relationship between family and spouse support toward cross-cultural adjustment. H : There is no significance relationship between family and spouse support with cross-cultural adjustment. H 1 : There is a significance relationship between family and spouse support with cross-cultural adjustment. Objective 2: To identify whether there is significant relationship between social supports toward cross-cultural adjustment. H : There is no significance relationship between social supports with cross-cultural adjustment. H 1 : There is a significance relationship between social supports with cross-cultural adjustment. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 64 Cross-cultural Training Based on TABLE 18, the coefficient for cross-cultural training is -0.186 which mean the variables have negative relationship. So for every 1 unit standard deviation change in cross- cultural training is expected to result in -0.186 standard deviation changes in cross-cultural adjustment, holding all other variables constant. The coefficient for cross-cultural training - 0.186 is not significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.055, which is larger than 0.05. Hence, for Objective 3, reject H 1 and accept H . There are more than one analyses were done in this chapter to test the hypotheses. The researcher is using SPSS to analyses and interprets the data. The first analysis was frequency analysis of the demographics gender, marital status, and age, region of origin, religion and educational level. The result of the frequencies analysis show that there are 80 of male respondent and 20 of female respondent which means male is more than female respondents. The respondents are majority still single which hold 45.7 followed married respondents 34.3 and divorced respondent 20. Next analysis is calculated by the age of the respondents, 2.9 of respondents in the range of age 20 – 30 years old which is the lowest one and 31- 40 years old 58.6 hold the highest percentage of total respondents. This research have a highest respondents that is come from Asian region which hold 24.3, Australia region 22.9, Europe region 21.4, South American 20.0 and the lowest is North American which hold only 11.4. Half of the respondents are Christian follower and the other half includes Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim and other religion. And lastly 71.4 of the respondents are Bachelor Degree holder followed by 21.4 of Diploma holder and 7.1 Master Degree holder. Intercorrelation and means for all the independent and dependent variables used in this study are presented in TABLE 14 and TABLE 15. Alpha reliabilities for the scale variables are shown in parentheses along the diagonal. As table of correlation reflects, each dependent variable family and spouse supports, social supports and cross-cultural training was significantly related to the independent variables cross-cultural adjustment. Specifically, family and spouse support was significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment r= .364, p=0.01, social supports was significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment r= .772, p = 0.01, and cross-cultural training was significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment r=.334, p=0.01. The results of the correlation analysis provide preliminary support for the hypothesized relations in this study. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the relationships between the family and spouse supports, social supports and cross-cultural training and foreign expatriate of Oil and Gas Industry adjustments. The result shows that, the coefficient for family and spouse supports 0.137 is not significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.114, The coefficient for social supports 0. 825 is significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.000 and the coefficient for cross-cultural training -0. 186 is not significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.055, Hence, Hypothesis H1 is accepted for the social support and null hypothesis is rejected in the research Objective 3: To identify whether there is significant relationship between cross-cultural training toward cross-cultural adjustment. H : There is no significance relationship between cross-cultural training with cross-cultural adjustment. H 1 : There is a significance relationship between cross-cultural training with cross-cultural adjustment. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 65 objective 2, that proposed that there is a significance relationship between social supports with cross-cultural adjustment, .was supported. CONCLUSION In summary, this research finds that social supports are the strongest variable of foreign expatriate in the s tudy sample. These results were exemplified in the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. It provides additional evidence to suggest that social supports explain the most contributing factor that influence in foreign expatriates of Oil and Gas adjustment in Kuala Lumpur with the highest coefficient which is 0.825. Further, it replicates and confirms J. Palthe 2004 point regarding cross-culture adjustment. Social supports are one of the predicted outcomes of cross-cultural adjustment. The other finding is followed by family and spouse supports and cross- cultural training. This study reveals that a social support in the host country is the most influenced predictor of cross-cultural adjustment. The result r=.772, =0.01 is consistent to J. Palthe 2004 study r=0:77, p0:05. These results were exemplified by the Pearson correlation coefficient. This is an important finding, in that it illuminates the strategic influence of host site socialization intervention, including social get- togethers and informa l networking with host nationals, in expatriates’ adjustment abroad. It confirms Kraimer et al.’s 2001 previous propositions of cross-cultural adjustment where previous studies have argued that social support i.e. supervisor support and perceived organizational support may play a prominent role in enhancing expatriate adjustment and performance Kraimer et al., 2001; Lee, 2010. While there is still much to be learned about cross-cultural adjustment, this research makes several contributions. First, this study highlights the importance of social supports in cross-cultural adjustment and the importance of family and spouse supports also the cross-cultural training in expatriate of Oil and Gas Industry adjustment in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It also investigated the effect of social supports on expatriates’ adjustment. Second, it served to delineate the relative importance of each of these variables on each aspect of cross-cultural adjustment. However, this study shows that cross-cultural training is not significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment because its p-value is 0.055, which is larger than 0.05. This study presented some preliminary evidence that the effectiveness of cross- cultural training on expatriate managers’ adjustment may not be contingent on the specific circumstances and the culture of the foreign assignment. Recommendations Family and Spouse Support Given the strength of the finding that spouse –family adjustment plays such a crucial role in expatriate interaction and general adjustment, global corporations should continue to develop human resource strategies, policies and practices that support expatriate family adjustment. For example, as suggested by Black and Stevens 1989, spouses and other family members should be included in cross cultural training offered by the organization. Multinational corporations could sponsor and develop family support programs that assist the expatriate’s family both prior to and during the assignment in the host country. Moreover, as Pellico and Stroh 1997 suggest, spousal assistance programs, including proactive assistance with job searches and placements, should be an integral component of the international assignment. Social Supports The result show the most influential factor contributing to the cross-cultural adjustment is social supports which mean organization should more focused on the socialization of their expatriates. Organizations are recommended to provide more assignment that can helpful in creating a feeling of togetherness among the expatriates and local employees so that the relationship among them are much easier to bond. That will automatically help the socialization level of expatriates in the organization. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 66 Suggestions for Future Research Test on Different Samples or from Different Industry The respondents for this research are only from Oil and Gas Industry. The survey failed to be generalized to all expatriates in Kuala Lumpur since it only focused on one industry and there are many other industry in Kuala Lumpur which having an expatriates in their operation. More resources and efforts could be applied to safeguard larger samples of respondents, thus potentially resulting in better statistical data. Since our data were collected from Kuala Lumpur, there may be some concern as to the generalizability of our findings to other expatriates working in other cities in Malaysia. Test on other Independent Variables Given the strength of the relationship that was found between social supports at the host company and each facet of adjustment, it would be valuable if researchers were to further explore the role that the host company plays in fostering an environment that enhances adjustment. Future research could, for example, explore the role of host company communication networks and peer support in enhancing expatriate adjustment abroad. 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Usunier, J. 1998, “Oral pleasure and expatriate satisfaction: an empirical approach”, International Business Review, 7 , 89-110. Van der Bank, M., Rothmann, S. 2006. Correlates of expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. Management Dynamics, 154, 29 –40 MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 69 External Factors Affecting Indonesians for Islamic Spiritual Tourism: A Conceptual Model FAROOQ HAQ 1 School of Business Administration Canadian University of Dubai 117781, Dubai, UAE Farooqcud .ac.ae ARIEF BUDIMAN 2 Faculty of Economics and Business Lambung Mangkurat University Banjarmasin, INDONESIA abudimanunlam.ac.id Abstract Currently there has been a rise in tourism linked to religious and spiritual motives. This rise is recognized by tourism operators but the literature and research on this topic is limited. Similarly, Muslims traveling for Islamic spiritual tourism is being recognized as the most popular niche in today ’s tourism. The research on this Islamic spiritual tourism is still in its infancy stage. The number of Muslims going for Hajj and Umrah as their spiritual tourism has triggered demarking now, but still the research conducted on the factors influencing this rise in Islamic spiritual tourism is limited. Indonesia with the highest Muslim population and the most Muslim spiritual tourists identifies a significant target population to be studied to identify the influencing factors. The uncontrollable or external factors influencing Islamic spiritual tourism for Indonesians is the aim of this conceptual paper. The literature on Indonesians Muslims travelling for spiritual journeys within their country or overseas was studied in this research. Hence, this conceptual paper presents a research model which aims to explore external factors that motivate Indonesians who travel for Islamic spiritual tourism. The model comprises of three external factors, namely health risk, terrorism activities and political unrest. Relationships between these external factors and the research propositions are discussed. Research implications of the conceptual model are also highlighted in this paper. In the future, these factors will be empirically tested. Keywords : Islam, tourism, external factors, spiritual journey, Indonesia. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 70 INTRODUCTION The market and marketing trends of this century have observed the emergence of global Muslim consumerism and their strong buying power. The rise of the Muslim markets and buying power can be credited to the modernisation of oil rich Arabian states, growing affluent Muslims in Western countries, impact of democratic regimes in various Muslim countries and above all the rise of Islamic spirit and spirituality. Historically, the term ‘Islamic’ has been understood to express religious, autocratic, rigid, political, and violent aspects, but recently it has been associated with various business and marketing practices Alserhan, 2010; Zamani- Farahani Henderson, 2010; Al-Hamarneh Steiner, 2004; Shakry, 2001. Shakry 2001 expressed ‘Islamic’ in the marketing context as linked to the revival of Islamic values,financially beneficial for Muslims, and enhancing the confidence and identity of Muslims around the world. A global study conducted by Pew Global Organisation 2005 found that majority of Muslims were more proud to be Muslims rather than citizens of their respective countries. The terrorist attacks of 9-11 in New York and the following wars on terror are regularly identified as the driving factors behind such shifts in the Islamic world Al- Hamarneh Steiner, 2004; Scott Jafari, 2010. This re-awareness of the Islamic values and spirituality is clearly reflected in the Muslim buying patterns and consumerism across the world Alserhan, 2010; Haq Wong, 2011; Battour, Ismail, Battor, 2010. Hence, today many business organisations and their businesses are adapting the Islamic label or links as key features of their business operations and corporate cultures Temporal, 2011. The remarkable growth of Islamic Banking and Finance is an evident case of the growth and stretch strategy implemented by various banks around the world. The international tourism industry has also appreciated the Islamic and Muslim market and customers, and hence recently Islamic Tourism was adopted as a new tourism segment Tajzadeh, 2013; Bhuiyan, Siwar, Ismail, Islam, 2011. Today ’s Indonesia is moving well towards the high growth rate as well as economic and social development as supported by all figures and statistics. The regular presidential elections being held in Indonesia, specifically the latest one in July 2014 indicate credible democratic reforms and progress in the country. A fair study of any market or business indicators will testify the significance of Indonesia as a future global leader in business, economics, politics and social infrastructure Fealy, 2008. The road for success to reach such goals of this global attainment for Indonesia, clearly has a strong connection with the influence of Islam in daily lives of Indonesians that is highlighted in all areas including tourism. This paper is a natural extension of a previous study conducted on the factors motivating Islamic Spiritual Tourism in Indonesians. The previous study explored personal factors motivating Indonesians, but the current paper attempts to identify external and uncontrollable factors that could be managed better if not overcome by the public and private tourism operators of Indonesia. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Islamic Spiritual Tourism The recent economic growth experienced by many Muslim countries triggered the global awareness and rise in Islamic Banking and Finance. This global awareness of Islamic trade and marketing opened the doors of interest in other Islamic products and MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 71 services where the emergence of Islamic tourism is realised Tajzadeh, 2013. This realisation of Islamic tourism appeals towards an urgent need to study tourism behaviour of Islamic spiritual tourists. Islamic tourism has recently being recognised in the research and business sectors as tourism related to Muslims and non-Muslims travelling to learn Islam, its spirituality, history, culture and heritage Bhuiyan et al., 2011. The term Islamic spiritual tourism may sound new, but the practice is as old as the religion Haq Jackson, 2009. The meaning of spiritual tourism is vital in order to conceptualise Islamic spiritual tourism. The literature concerning to the areas of religious tourism, Islamic tourism and spiritual tourism was called upon to pin point the meaning of Islamic spiritual tourism and its practice in this study. In this paper the focus was on literature incorporating theoretical discussions about pilgrimage, Hajj, Umrah, rihla, ziyara and halal tourism. While religion has always motivated spiritual tourism, the literature on religious tourism, for the main part, has been descriptive. Religious tourists and people visiting holy destinations in specific geographical areas, pilgrimage to shrines, religious tourist attractions and festivals with religious associations have all been the subject of the descriptive literature. Recognition of the growing significance of Islamic spiritual tourism and its acceptance in academic circles can be supported by referring to the recent propagation of conferences and special publications for Islamic Marketing, business and tourism. As mentioned that many business entities around the world are adopting the Islamic or halal element in their products and services Haq, 2014; Wilson, 2012; Alserhan, 2010; Temporal, 2011. The tourism operators are also targeting Muslim consumers and buyers by offering Islamised services Tajzadeh, 2013; Zamani-Farahani Henderson, 2010. Scott and Jafari 2010 agreed about the growing success of Islamic and halal tourism in satisfying many Muslim consumers in different countries. Islamic tourism is also accepted to be a successful and sustainable product based on the global economic growth of Muslim consumerism Haq Wong, 2011; Temporal, 2011. Spiritual tourism has recently been recognised as a type of special interest tourism though people have been practising it long before tourism was recognised as a separate activity. Although spiritual tourism is in an evolving stage, the current literature provides a definition of a spiritual tourist that can be adopted in this research project; ‘someone who visits a specific place out of hisher usual environment, with the intention of spiritual meaning andor growth, without overt religious compulsion, which could be religious, non-religious, sacred or experiential in nature, but within a Divine context, regardless of the main reason for travelling ’ Haq Jackson, 2009, p. 145. This definition covers tourists who visit sacred places and events seeking the Divine presence, even without classifying themselves as followers of a religion. The above given definition of a spiritual tourist could be used to identify a Muslim spiritual tourist as someone who travels for his or her spiritual development by seeking closeness with Allah. For example, Hajj is compulsory for a Muslim who is capable of travelling, but many Muslims who experienced Hajj or Umrah indicated that their intention was not to fulfil a religious obligation but to seek proximity to Allah, thereby identifying them as Muslim spiritual tourists. This definition lays a foundation for this study to explore the factors affecting buying behaviour of Muslim spiritual tourists in Indonesia. Muslims are recognised as the most rapidly growing religious group in the world and Indonesia enjoys the position of the country with most number of Muslims. Haq 2014 suggested from his research that the extension of the Islamic and halal tourism product that is the Islamic spiritual tourism. MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 72 Among other religious observations, Muslims constitute the largest global spiritual tourism market, which includes the pilgrimage to Makkah known as Hajj and Umrah. Muslim spiritual tourists from Indonesia again have the largest number of visitors for Hajj and Umrah every year. Spiritual journeys and tourism in Islam could be divided into three types that are the HajjUmrah, Rihla or Ziyara Haq Wong, 2010; Bhardwaj, 1998; Kessler, 1992. Hajj is the essential, if viable, visit for all Muslims to the holy city of Makkah, while a Muslim can go for a spiritual trip of Umrah anytime during the year, but heshe can perform Hajj only during the specified days of the month of Hajj, Zul-Hajj Haq Jackson, 2009; Clingingsmith, Kwaja, Kremer, 2008. A Muslim ’s spiritual journey in search of knowledge, commerce, health or research has been defined as the Rihla Kessler, 1992. The spiritual journeys of Muslims visiting the mausoleums, mosques or monasteries belonging to spiritual Muslims of the past are called Ziyara Timothy Iverson, 2006; Bhardwaj, 1998; Kessler, 1992. The Ziyara further branches out into two categories of spiritual travels. First are the journeys to meet Islamic religious and spiritual scholars, to attend Islamic festivals, events, seminars or gatherings, or to follow in the footsteps of the prophets, Sufis and spiritual celebrities Bhardwaj, 1998. Second are journeys to holy places in search of spirituality to improve their quality of life Timothy Iverson, 2006; Bhardwaj, 1998. In this study, any Muslim from Indonesia, travelling for any of the above three types of Islamic travels will be considered as an Islamic spiritual tourist. The research purpose of this paper is to identify external and uncontrollable factors that could be managed more effectively for the growth of Islamic Spiritual Tourism by the public and private tourism operators of Indonesia.

2. Indonesian Islamic Spiritual Tourism - Umrah

In spaces of global marketing, merchandising and business, the Indonesian tourism industry out shines many counterparts. The tourism in Indonesia has always proved to be an economic and financial and sometimes social lifeline for the people of this country in all times. Indonesia accommodates the largest Muslim population in the world and a high majority of Muslims adopt Islamic code and standards in their daily lives Fealy, 2008. Indonesia enjoys a diversity of geographic, cultural, historical and topographic resources that offer several Muslim spiritual tourists with different tastes and preferences. This paper highlights these external and uncontrollable factors that affect Islamic spiritual tourism for Indonesians. The Saudi Government each year awards a high quota for Hajj for Indonesians Priyambodo, 2011. However, the hopeful Hajj pilgrims from Indonesia have to wait on the waiting list for more than 10 years before going to Mecca for Hajj. This fact indicate the major difficulty for Muslims in Indonesia to perform Hajj and results in high number of people going for Umrah Fealey, 2008; Kusumastuti, 2008. As an outcome, the demand for Umrah is increasing since it is like a mini Hajj that can be undertaken at any time of the year. Moreover, this is also as lucrative source of revenue for tour operators Fealey, 2008. Other reasons for the popularity to perform Umrah among Indonesians are to use Mecca as a place to get married, a place for a honey moon, to seek a place for peacefullness, and for some out-shoppers it is as a shopping place Kusumastuti, 2008. Budiman and Haq 2012 presented a conceptual framework regarding the motivation of tourists for destination selection based on their research study on MIICEMA 2014 10-11 November 2014 Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya, Malaysia 73 Indonesian Muslim spiritual tourists. The three motivation factors for Indonesian Muslim spiritual tourists were: firstly, the strength of the Islamic belief of the in the individual tourist, secondly, the urge for Islamic spiritual learning and education from the trip, and thirdly, the personal inspiration to travel to Islamic places and events Budiman Haq, 2012. The research conducted in the current paper gets its inspiration and directions from the paper from Budiman and Haq 2012, and tries to present a conceptual framework regarding the external and uncontrollable factors that influence the travel decisions of Indonesian Muslim spiritual tourists.

3. Issues related to Indonesian Islamic Spiritual Tourism

The significance of research on tourism started 30 years ago when tourism researchers have explored tourists ’ motivation in destination choice, mode of travel, expectations, information source and the effect of socio-demographic characteristics on motivation. Pilgrimage and religious tourism have a religious dogma motivation, though people also travel to religious destinations for other motives, such as education, knowledge and awareness Haq Jackson, 2009. Destinations linked to Islamic spiritual tourism are not only the religious places, but they include Islamic events and gatherings where people feel more spiritually fulfilled Haq Wong, 2010. The review of the literature on Muslim spiritual tourism categorises spiritual tourism as a pilgrimage and a religious practice depending upon the intention of the tourist. Earlier research has identified many factors that help to indicate the motivation of tourists to select a place or an event with different motives and intentions. The ground breaking and one of the first studies on tourists ’ behaviour, Moutinho 1987 presented a workable model to study consumer behaviour of tourists, which concluded with external and personal factors that influence tourism behaviour. The external factors included culture, social class, reference groups and family roles Moutinho, 1987, p.6. The personal factors included personality, learning, motivation, perception and attitudes Moutinho, 1987, p.6. Moutinho 1987 examined different aspects of tourists ’ behaviour and attitudes, his findings were used by many other tourism researchers. Haq and Jackson 2006 used Moutinho ’s model to study the external factors that could be used in spiritual tourism segmentation. Based on an exploratory study conducted on spiritual tourists in Australia, Pakistan and the UK, Haq and Jackson 2006 presented three external factors that were significant in segmenting spiritual tourism, they were: culture, social class and reference groups including families. The current tourism literature stresses upon the buying decisions of tourists and pilgrims, but limited studies have specifically explored the Islamic spiritual tourists ’ buying decisions. Pilgrimage is one of the five pillars of Islam and consists of Hajj and Umrah, as discussed earlier. A quick study of the Holy Quran would indicate several instructions to the believers to travel around God ’s earth to see His Blessings and adversities that will help to strengthen the faith. The Prophet of Islam also gave explicit instructions regarding leisure and travels; for example, ‘most of the people do not know how to use two of the bounties: their health and their spare time ’ Vukonic’ 1996, p.3, seek knowledge even if you have to travel to China, ‘travel, thus you will be healthy and enabled for everyday experience ’ Vukonic’ 1996, p.41. Recently, many scholars have expressed their understanding of the philosophy of Hajj and Umrah, their connection to the original message of the Islamic faith, their political and social dimensions and personal expectations and observations from spiritual tourism to Makkah. After investigating the external factors influencing spiritual tourism segmentation, Haq and Jackson 2009 studied the behavioural aspect