between blending and compounding is also similar. According to Szymanek 1989: 48-50, compounds are classified into four categories in terms of meaning
identification, namely endocentric, copulative, appositional, and exocentric compounds. Since this is the study of blends, the relation between a modifier and
a head in blends is henceforth called endocentric blends. Thus the possible modifier-head relations within source words in blends are adjective x noun as in
awkfest awkward x festival, noun x noun as in balloonatics balloon x fanatics, adverb x adjectives as in preet pretty x sweet, and so forth. In
awkfast, the adjective awkward modifies the noun festival. It gives information about the noun. Different with endocentric blends, in both copulative and
appositional blends, the relations are among the source words of the same word category such as noun x noun as in jorts jeans x shorts, verb x verb as in
scanlate scan x translate, adjective x adjective as in sextastic sexy x fantastic, or adverb x adverb as in absotively absolutely x positively.
The basic difference between copulative and appositional blends lies on the referents they denote. In copulative blends, the meaning produced is the sum of
what the source words denote, assigning to different referents as in scanlate and sextastic. On the other hand, appositional blends refer to the same referent as in
jorts. In exocentric blends, the head is outside the blends. For example, the blend clamato which combines clam and tomato, is neither clam nor tomato. Rather, it is
a kind of juice. Accordingly, it is obvious that to answer the fourth research problem, the knowledge of word category and meaning relations among source
words are required.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers three sections dealing with the methodology of this study. The first part is the data of the study and the data source. It deals with the
descriptions of the data and where the data are taken from. The second section is the approach of the study. It elaborates approaches used to answer research
problems of this study. The third section is the method of the study. It concerns with the descriptions on how to collect the data and analyze the data.
A. Data of the Study and Data Source
The data of this study are blends in “current English”. The term “current English
” is highlighted because the data collections are blends used by English speakers in these present days, meaning that they exclude blends which are no
longer used in present English. The word “current” means “happening now; of the present time” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8
th
edition. Besides, the term “current English” is used to determine the range of time dealing with data
collections. It evokes the idea that “current English” belongs to the era in which a
number of inventions in communications and technology have enriched English language recently. In view of that, English language is rich of many new words,
including the name of new inventions and technology. Therefore, the focused data of this study are any English blends which are used recently by people in this era
of communication and technology.
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As mentioned in the introduction, the data were taken from internet. More specifically, the collections of blends were taken from online websites and
dictionaries. The preference of data source was relevant since one of the data collection techniques was using available information, including from internet.
Furthermore, there were two reasons that internet was chosen as the best way in this study. The first reason was that online websites and dictionaries provided a
large number of blends which might or might not found in the printed dictionary. New words, in this case blends, and its meaning were easily found in the internet
rather than in most printed dictionaries. The second reason was that internet was always available and updated. People could freely submit new words they read
and heard recently from television, magazines, advertisement, and other media to certain websites. After that, the authorities of the websites then did some
verification to make sure that the submitted words were really used in the real communication. Most printed dictionaries, on the contrary, were outdated. In this
regard, collecting data from internet was preferred since this study required up to date data. Thus it could be said that internet was an effective medium of data
collection for this study. Finally, the data of this study were English blends collected from seven
online dictionaries and websites. The first online website was Oxford Dictionary which can be accessed via http:www.oxforddictionaries.com. The second
website was The Open Dictionary New Words Slang from Merriam-Webster Dictionary http:nws.merriam-webster.comopendictionary. The third website
was Latest New Word Suggestions from Collins Dictionary accessed from http:www.collinsdictionary.com. The fourth dictionary was About Words from
Cambridge Dictionaries Online Blog http:dictionaryblog.cambridge.org. The fifth website was Word Spy http:wordspy.com. The owner of this website was
Paul McFedries. The sixth website was The Rice University Neologisms Database http:neologisms.rice.edu which also gave a great contribution to the neologism
of blends. The owner was Professor Suzanne Kemmer from the Rice University Linguistics Department. The seventh website was Urban Dictionary
http:www.urbandictionary.com. These online websites and dictionaries collected and tracked new words as they were added to the English language
recently. Furthermore, most of them provided blends with its definition, origin, usage, and quotations or citations.
B. Approaches of the Study
This study is a linguistic study which focuses on the morphology and prosodic morphology of English blends. Prosodic morphology studies the
interaction between morphological and phonological processes. It is obvious that blends are the result of morphological process called word formation process. In
the study of blends, two or more words, in which each word has its own phonological properties, such syllable constituents and stress assignments, are
combined to become one phonological word. Thus, it is noticeable that the study of blends involves not only the morphological process, but also phonological
process such as prosody analysis of blends. Finally, the target of prosodic morphology of this study is to uncover the morphological structure and prosodic
properties of English Blends. More specifically, it investigates the phonological characteristics observed when two or more words are combined. Besides,
semantic approach is also used in minor. The reason is that a blend is regarded as a well-formed word if the combination of two or more words really has a logical
relation which leads to the production of meaning. Since this study attempts to examine patterns and characteristics of English blends, it is likely to be a
qualitative study. The rationale is that it emphasizes the quality of the analysis rather than the large number of data.
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study consists of two sections, namely the data collection and the data analysis. The data collection presents steps of collecting and sorting
data. The data analysis elaborates series of procedures which are conducted in order to answer the research problems.
1. Data Collection
The data of this study were collected by conducting a population study. In this regard, this study analyzed all blends which were compiled from seven online
dictionaries mentioned in the first section of this chapter. The primary sources of data were taken from online websites and dictionaries. The characteristic of online
websites and dictionaries was that there were always new words uploaded every moment. As the consequence, the number of words in the online websites and
dictionaries was not yet final and always increasing moment by moment. Concerning to this problem, the data of this study were limited to the collection of
blends until December 2014, so that the data analysis was more focused.
The data collection process of this study involved three steps. Firstly, blends were searched carefully by using the search engine in Google website in order to
get a large amount of data. After thorough searching, it was founded seven websites which provide rich data of blends such as Oxford, Merriam-Webster,
Collins Dictionary, Cambridge, Word Spy, Rice University Neologisms Database, and Urban Dictionary. These seven online websites and dictionaries were then
used as the primary sources of data. Secondly, blends were filtered in order to separate blends from “normal” words or any words which were not related to
blends. One of the online dictionaries, The Rice University Neologisms Database, provided an advance search which enabled the researcher to search blends by
simply typing “blends blending” as the keyword in the Search option. The rest of online websites and dictionaries, which did not have an advanced search, needed
more thorough searching. Thirdly, blends were sorted due to some considerations. This process involved several procedures. The first procedure was sorting the
repeated blends which also appeared in the different websites. This process was essential to avoid multiple data of the same entity. Taken from many sources, it
was possible that there were several repeated blends which needed sorting. Finally, any repeated blends appearing in the different websites were not included.
The second procedure was sorting the data due to their frequency of occurrence in the online dictionaries. Blends used for this research were only included if they
were listed in at least two online dictionaries. It aimed at making sure that blends used in this research were not restricted to limited people and really used by
people in everyday life conversations or in specific domains. The third procedure was eliminating three-word blends. It was due to the fact that blends were not
