The Distribution of Blends in Modern English in Terms of Domains

applies the same strategies as messaging devices. Twitter is a micro-blogging service that allows users to post short messages of maximum length 140 characters. Blends such as Twittizen Twitter x citizen, Twitterverse Twitter x universe, and bronado brother x tornado are found in twitter. Due to the fact that only a tiny space is available to communicate, people have to condense a lengthy message into a short message. Another service which specializes itself of sharing photos and videos named instagram, allows people to blend two words to become one word. In this sense, people create a word with the icon in prior of a word so called a hash tag to categorize the photos and videos. The examples are foodgasm, foodie, foodaholic, and so forth It is said previously that the styles of nowadays communication are economical and practical. In addition, the others elements such as funny and creative should be taken into account. In instagram, a lot of funny and creative words are created. Blends such as foodgasm food x orgasm, ballontastic balloon x fantastic, bridezilla bride x Godzilla, foodoholic food x alcoholic, and so forth contribute to the appearance of new words. To sum up, the styles of modern communication like what happening these years are economical, practical, funny, and creative. These lead to the principle of time saving. The second most common domain is popular culture. Popular culture refers to the way of life including characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by various things such as language, arts, music, religion, cuisine, sport, fashion, and social habit. The influx the vocabulary in this domain indicates the contemporary society which uses the language and how it is used creatively by its speakers. As the industry to fulfill the contemporary life style grows, the demand of the new vocabulary also increases. It is due to the fact that industries always put up massive inventions and innovations in order to compete with another company in the business affair. Basically, whenever there are new inventions, names are required. Chiefly, the increase of the vocabulary in this domain refl ects the way оf life among the member of the speech community in which new words emerge. In other words, it portrays what people and their culture are trying to develop nowadays. The categories which are included in this domain are sports, music, game, film, drama, literature, art, entertainment, fashion, and culinary. The growth of blends in this domain is massive due to the fact that there are many terms formed since the industry also grows. Consequently, people nowadays are more creative in forming names or specialized vocabulary for new things. The examples are popsical pop x classical, spatique spa x boutique, teaffee tea x coffee, yogalates yoga x pilates, choreopoem choreograph x poem, shweater shirt x sweater, chairdrobe chair x wardrobe, deskfast desk x breakfast, dronie drone x selfie, eyerobics eye x aerobics, facekini face x bikini, foodoholic food x alcoholic, promzilla prom x Godzilla, usie us x selfie, photobomb photography x bomb, banjitar banjo x guitar, and brinner breakfast x dinner. These blends are new and created as the necessity for new names for new things. The third most common domain is the technology domain. The influx of vocabulary of this domain is influenced by the rapid growth of internet and technology, causing huge number of new inventions of this domain. Technology always portrays an upward trend, therefore it is never deteriorating. Furthermore, technology is becoming sophisticated and advanced day by day. Several categories belonging to this domain are internet databases, digital media, software, hardware, and other refined things related to internet and technology. This domain mostly consists of new invention or new terms relating to technology that people are familiar and use them everyday life such as desknote desktop x notebook, lapdesk laptop x desktop, phablet phone x tablet, smartwatch smartphone x watch, ultrabook ultra x notebook, smartphoneography smartphone x photography, and digicam digital x camera. Other consist of blends related to computer software and hardware, such as courseware course x software, malware malicious x software, shareware share x software, shovelware shovel x software, skacore ska x hardcore, abandonware abandoned x software, adware advertisement x software, and knowledgebase knowledge x database. The examples of terms related to websites and blogs are blogairy blog x diary, blogilates blog x pilates, blogject blog x object interweb internet x web, ezine electronic x magazine, flog fake x blog, plog person x weblog, webvertise web x advertise, cyberzine cyberspace x magazine, wedsite wedding x website, vlog video x blog, and blog web x log. Other examples are terms related to technology, namely cyberbullying cyberspace x bullying, hackathon hacking x marathon, technopropism technology x malapropism, elint electronic x intelligence, technoplegic technology x paraplegic, digilante digital x vigilante, and technochicken technology x chicken. The fourth rank belongs to domain which is related to geography and ecology. It includes blends associated with the geographic area, particular events with specific date, animals and plants which inhibit some particular areas. The examples of blends related to geographic area are Swenglish Swedish x English, Wasian white x Asian, Whasian white x Asian, Windian white x Indian, Germlish German x English, globish global x English, Hinglish Hindi x English, huppie hispanic x yuppie, Japlish Japanese x English, Jewfro Jewish x Afro, Konglish Korean x English, and blipster black x hipster. Blends related to particular date and events are Thankswednesday thanksgiving x Wednesday, Movember moustache x November, and Juneteenth June x nineteenth The fifth rank domain consists of blends related to politics, business, and economy. The emergence of new vocabulary in this domain gives a significant contribution to the present-day vocabulary. Along with technology, the fields of politics, business, and economy have been developing these years. Some terms related to politic are avoision avoidance x evasion, flexicurity flexibility x security, masculist masculine x feminist, spirmitment spirit x commitment, agitprop agitation x propaganda, scigov science x government, clicktivism click x activism, mancession man x recession, manlimony man x alimony, rumourtrage rumour x arbitrage, chugger charity x mugger, democratatorship democracy x dictatorship, libtard liberal x retard, permalancer permanent x freelancer, diamat dialectical x materialism, philanthrocapitalism philanthropy x capitalism. Blends related to business and economy are bankster banker x gangster, glocalisation globalisation x localization, shockvertising shock x advertising, ideopreneur ideological x entrepreneur, prosumer producer x consumer, stagflation stagnation x inflation, econophysics economics x physics, freakonomics freak x economics, hompany home x company, shopocalypse shop x apocalypse, womenomics women x economics, consumicane consumer x hurricane, and microgement micro x management. The sixth rank belongs to blends of science field such as physics, chemistry, and biology. As the rise of technology, the emergence of the science field is also increasing. It is because of the demand to name the new innovation in the science field. Blends of Physics field are loopular loop x circular, bleen blue x green, blellow blue x yellow, blurple blue x purple, snizzle snow x drizzle, squircle square x circle, mizzle mist x drizzle, smog smoke x fog, posistor positive x thermistor, positron positive x electron, and pulsar pulse x quasar. The examples of blends in chemistry are petrochemical petroleum x chemical, prevacid prevent x acid, cyclohexellent cyclohexane x excellent, chemisorption chemistry x absorption, carboloy carbon x alloy, galvanneal galvanize x anneal, duralumin durable x aluminium, and silastic silicone x plastic. Blends of biology field are reprogenetics reproductive x genetics, proteome proteins x genome, ribozyme ribonucleic x enzyme, neurobics neuro x aerobics, genome gene x chromosome, vitamer vitamin x isomer, epigenetics epigenesis x genetics, and redox reduction x oxidation. The seventh domain consists of blends related to medical. It consists of the popular terms associated with medical field such as analrapist analyst x therapist, hemonc hematology x oncology, assne ass x acne, buttne butt x acne, chestne chest x acne, cyberchondriac cyber x hypochondriac, drunkorexia drunk x anorexia, drunksit drunk x babysit, himsomnia him x insomnia, toebesity toe x obesity, millness male x illness, caplet capsule x tablet, cosmeceutical cosmetic x pharmaceutical, femidom feminine x condom, intoxilyzer intoxication x analyzer, medevac medical x evacuation, guitarthritis guitar x arthritis, manorexic man x anorexic, osteopornosis osteoporosis x porn, phoneck phone x neck, flunami flu x tsunami, diabulimia diabetes x bulimia, medicare medical x care, narcoma narcotic x coma, angiotensin angiotonin x hypertension, and diabesity diabetes x obesity The eighth rank domain includes hybrids. A hybrid is essentially a term for plants and animals that have been breed or cultivated. Nevertheless in general, it denotes something which combines properties of both sources. The examples of hybrids for animal are puggle pug x beagle, geep goat x sheep, wallaroo wallaby x kangaroo, zony zebra x pony, zorse zebra x horse, zebrass zebra x ass, beefalo beef x buffalo, cama camel x llama, liger lion x tiger, shoat sheep x goat, tigon tiger x lion, triticale triticum x secale, wholphin whale x dolphin, and zonkey zebra x donkey. The examples of hybrids of plantation are plumcot plum x apricot, broccoflower broccoli x cauliflower, pluot plum x apricot, grapple grape x apple, crapple cranberry x apple, crape cranberry x grape, and tomacco tomato x tobacco. The others hybrids are planimal plant x animal, tangelo tangerine x pomelo swacket sweater x jacket, chork chopsticks x fork, camkini camisole x bikini, and spife spoon x knife The ninth and tenth domains are transportation and organization. The transportation domain includes gasohol gas x alcohol, bewrecked bereft x wrecked, carjacking car x hijacking, carpocalypse car x apocalypse, conrail consolidated x rail, autocide automobile x suicide, heliport helicopter x airport, pedelec pedal x electric, and taxicab taximeter x cabriolet. The examples of organization domain are Amtrak American x track, Amway American x way, Caltrain California x train, Jython Java x Python, pegsister pegasus x sister, amtrac amphibious x tractor, digimon digital x monster, interpol international x police, pinterest pin x interest, fruitopia fruit x utopia, Gleek Glee x geek, and pictionary picture x dictionary Overall, by examining the examples of ten domains presented in the previous paragraphs, it can be inferred that the emergence оf a massive number оf blends m ay be largely accоunted fоr many factors, including the rapid flоw оf events, the progress оf science and technоlоgy, and the appearance оf new concepts in different fields оf human activity such as medical, transportation, politics, business, and economy. To sum up, these conditions can be categorized into four factors. First, the advance of technology and communications has made great changes in human life, creating many inventions and concepts. Accordingly, many specialized blends of different fields have created, such as blends related to technology, science, media, arts, politics, economics, and transportation. Second, the rise of modern life has formed the attitude and lifestyle of people nowadays. They are likely to employ a lifestyle which is economical and practical, aiming at saving up time and reducing physical effort. Third, the rapid grow of social media has affected people to create creative and funny new words as means of their self- expression., in a form of punning and word-juggling for instances. Fourth, blends are used in political and advertising discourse to attract and influence people.

B. Theoretical Framework

Blends may come into existence after undergoing a morphological process called a word-formation process. In other words, blends are the results of word- formation process since this process creates a new lexeme. The way of creating new lexeme in blending is by combining two or more existing words and deleting one or more parts of the words. In the formation of new words, blending does not need affixes to derive a new lexeme, so they are categorized as derivation without affixation Plag, 2003: 107. Regarded as a coined new word, English blends should deal with some restrictions in some linguistic aspects such as morphology, phonology, and semantic. Moreover, Katamba 1993: 73 stated his idea related to the production of new words. He said that although there is no limit of producing new words, it needed constrains on productivity. In other words, new words including blends should be morphologically, syntactically, semantically, and phonologically acceptable in English language. For that reason, this study needs various analyses to make sure that blends are well-formed in both written and spoken form. Hereafter, it is employed to reveal some patterns of blends related to those linguistic aspects, such as combining patterns, word category patterns, meaning patterns, and stress patterns. The first and second research problems are investigated by using morphological analysis. It is due to the fact that they deal with the internal structure of words. As stated in the first chapter, the first research problem tries to examine the structure of English blends specifically on how the two or more words are combined. Therefore, it is going to examine the combining patterns of blends. In order to answer the first research problem, three combining patterns are examined since blends do not merely follow a single combining principle. Rather, they follow divergent combining patterns. Accordingly, this study is going to use three patterns of the previous works, namely Algeo 1977, Soudek 1978, and Lehler 1998, which were summarized by Hong 2004. According to Hong 2004: 120-121, Algeo classified blends into three categories, namely blends with overlapping, blends with overlapping and clipping, and blends with clipping. Besides, Soudek made them simple by dividing blends into two categories, namely overlapping blends and concatenated blends. Furthermore, Lehler categoried blends in terms of the number of splinters that a blend had Hong, 2004: 121. The second problem deals with word category of source words in blends. To deal with this problem, the theory of word category is employed. This theory is needed to examine the word category of source words and the resulting blends. Once the word category of blends is determined, the classification of blends based on word category of the resulting blends is conducted afterwards. The classification of blends into word categories provided in the second problem can be a real help to counter the next problems, such as stress pattern of lexical words and the meaning identification. The notion is that every word belongs to its category whether they belong to content words or function words. In English, stress is only assigned in content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, whereas function words such as articles, prepositions, and pronouns do not bear any stress. Accordingly, these classifications are essential to determine the stress pattern of blends as what follows. Verbs and adjectives commonly have final stress, while nouns are rare to have final stress. These explanations above are what Giegerich 1992: 190 says in his book about relation between stress and non-phonological structure, in this case between stress and word category of a word. For example, the word digest fits to the category of a noun and a verb. If it has final stress di’gest, it is considered as a verb. On the contrary, if it has non- final stress ‘digest, it is considered as a noun. Collaborated with morphology, a phonological analysis is used to answer the third research problem, henceforth the prosodic morphology analysis. It focuses on the role of prosodic structure such as stress pattern towards blends in the real pronunciation. The notion is that blends must be audible in terms of pronunciation. As stated previously that each blend combines two or more words, it has to be noted that blends are counted as one phonological word. For that reason, they are syllabified and stressed like one single word. When a blend is syllabified, some important points are highlighted. First, the composition of blend should not violate the phonotactic constraints in order to make a well-formed syllable. For instance, the word bwhite as a blend of black and white is phonotactically illegal since the consonant cluster bw is not permissible in onset. Second, a well-formed syllable should follow Sonority Sequence Principle SSP and Maximal Onset Principle MOP. Dealing with stress, it has been mentioned that stress is the property of syllables because stress occurs in syllables. Furthermore, in order to examine the stress pattern in blends, syllabification theory is employed in advance. However, the application of syllabification theory is not yet final. After making sure that phonotactic constrains are not violated in composition of blends, other theories of prosodic analysis of blends are employed immediately to examine the stress assignment of blends. These theories are the degree of stress, the relation between stress and non-phonological structure, and stress placement. As what Giegerich 1992: 190 says nouns with final stress are rare, on the other hand, verbs and adjectives with final stress are common. The regularities of the non-final stress presented by Giegerich 1992: 187 are as follows. Stress is assigned on the penultimate syllable if the syllable is heavy. If the penultimate is light, stress is assigned on the antepenultimate syllable. If the penultimate syllable is light and the word does not have antepenultimate syllable, stress falls on the penultimate. For example, using Giegerich‟s theory of stress placement, it is clear that the blend transceiver [trænsiːvə] which combines transmitter and receiver has three syllables. Counted from the end, the second syllable is called penultimate syllable. The penultimate syllable is heavy in that blend, therefore the stress falls on it. Finally, the stress placement of transceiver is tran’sceiver [træn‟siːvə]. Fundamentally, blends are not derived from two or more source words which have no relation in meaning. In other words, there must be a logical relation between these two or more source words which connect them. The relation must be in a logical way to make sure that blends are really meaningful unit of words. The relation between source words really determines the logical relation of blends. Therefore, the classification of word category in the source words is regarded as one of some tools to answer the fourth problem. In this stage, the theory of meaning identification in compounds is employed. The researcher decided to use this theory due to the fact that both blending and compounding are similar in combining words. Moreover, the logical relation among source words between blending and compounding is also similar. According to Szymanek 1989: 48-50, compounds are classified into four categories in terms of meaning identification, namely endocentric, copulative, appositional, and exocentric compounds. Since this is the study of blends, the relation between a modifier and a head in blends is henceforth called endocentric blends. Thus the possible modifier-head relations within source words in blends are adjective x noun as in awkfest awkward x festival, noun x noun as in balloonatics balloon x fanatics, adverb x adjectives as in preet pretty x sweet, and so forth. In awkfast, the adjective awkward modifies the noun festival. It gives information about the noun. Different with endocentric blends, in both copulative and appositional blends, the relations are among the source words of the same word category such as noun x noun as in jorts jeans x shorts, verb x verb as in scanlate scan x translate, adjective x adjective as in sextastic sexy x fantastic, or adverb x adverb as in absotively absolutely x positively. The basic difference between copulative and appositional blends lies on the referents they denote. In copulative blends, the meaning produced is the sum of what the source words denote, assigning to different referents as in scanlate and sextastic. On the other hand, appositional blends refer to the same referent as in jorts. In exocentric blends, the head is outside the blends. For example, the blend clamato which combines clam and tomato, is neither clam nor tomato. Rather, it is a kind of juice. Accordingly, it is obvious that to answer the fourth research problem, the knowledge of word category and meaning relations among source words are required.