in the formation of English blends. More explanations on how these studies were conducted will be presented on the following sections.
a. Hong’s Study on Properties of English Word-blends
This study was conducted by Sung-Hoon Hong 2004. Hong used 445 data collected from portal websites such as www.google.com and www.yahoo.com and
also a dictionary of portal website such as www.onelook.com. This study attempted to provide the description of the important structural properties of
English blends. Chiefly, Hong‟s study involved both morphological and
phonological analysis. In the morphological analysis, Hong categorized blends according to the pattern of combination when two source words joined together.
In the phonological analysis, Hong examined the prosodic structures of blends such as length and stress.
There were two important points obtained in the study which were essential in the formation of English blends. The first point dealt with combining patterns
of blends. According to Algeo 1977 as cited in Hong 2004: 119, blends were likely to be either „contiguous‟ and „noncontiguous‟. He mentioned that
contiguous blends included contiguous segments which retained in blends, while noncontiguous blends consisted of implanted segments which might be put in the
middle of another. He provided some examples of noncontiguous blends such as askility ability x skill and destarture departure x start.
Furthermore, Hong 2004: 120 summarized patterns of combination proposed by three older researchers into a set of comprehensive category of
blends. In his paper, he reviewed three combining patterns in a chronological
order according to the year: Algeo ‟s 1977, Soudek‟s 1978, and Lehler‟s
1998. These three combining patterns are presented in following Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
Combining Patterns of Blends: Hong 2004: 122
Algeo 1977 Soudek 1978
Lehler 1996 Examples
Blends with overlapping
Overlapping blends
0 splinter whole + whole
anecdotage = anecdote + dotage
Blends with overlapping and
clipping 1 splinter
whole + splinter steelionaire = steel
+ millionaire splinter + whole
animule = animal + mule
2 splinters splinter + splinter motel = motor +
hotel Blends with
clipping Concatenated
blends 1 splinter
whole + splinter fanzine = fan +
magazine splinter + whole
Eurasia = Europe + Asia
2 splinters splinter + splinter brunch =
breakfast + lunch
According to Algeo 1977 as cited in Hong 2004: 120, English blends were classified into three major categories which can be seen in Table 2.1. The
first category contained blends with clipping. Blends with clipping occured if one part or more was deleted. This pattern was divided into three types. First, the
whole part of the first word joined together with the last part of the second word fanzine = fan + magazine. Second, the first part of the first word combined
with the whole part of the second word Eurasia = Europe + Asia. Third, the first part of the first word combined with the last part of the second word brunch
= breakfast + lunch. The second category proposed by Algeo 1977 as cited in Hong 2004: 120 included blends with overlapping. In blends with
overlapping, the last part of the first source word overlaped the first part of the