Five Patterns of Stress Assignment in the Resulting blends

contribution to the result. According to the data, this pattern occurs only in clipping blends type B, C, and D and overlapping blend type OV2. The examples of the type B are ‘contrail ,conden’sation x ‘trail, ‘docu,drama ,docu’mentary x ‘drama, and „docusoap ,docu’mentary x ‘soup. In „contrail, the primary stress is assigned in the syllable con, whereas the fact is that the syllable obtains secondary stress in the original word ,conden’sation. Similarly, in ‘docu,drama and ‘docu,soap, the primary stressed syllable is in the syllable do which is originally taken from the word , docu’mentary. The examples of the type C are ‘bi,ome ,bio’logical x ‘dome and e’lectret e,lec’tricity x ‘magnet. The primary stressed syllable of the blend „bi,ome is bi, whereas in the source word the syllable bi obtains secondary stress. In e’lectret, the syllable lec is assigned a primary stress, although that syllable gets secondary stress as in e,lec’tricity. The examples of type D are ‘agit,prop ,agi’tation x ,propa’ganda and ‘av,gas ,avi’ation x ‘gasoline. In both examples, the primary stressed syllables are ag and av, respectively. Both syllables ad and av obtain secondary stress in their source words. Besides, the type of overlapping blends following this type is blends type OV2. The examples are ‘magalogue ,maga’zine x ‘catalogue and ‘tange,lo ,tange’rine x ‘pome,lo. The syllable ma in ‘magalogue and tan in ‘tange,lo bear a primary stress, although in the source words they bear a secondary stress. 3 The Equivalence between Primary Stress in the Resulting Blends and Unstressed Syllable in SW 1 The third pattern which can be observed is that the primary stress of resulting blends is equivalent to the unstressed syllables of SW1. It occurs in all types of clipping and two types of overlapping blends, namely type A, B, C, D, OV0, and OV2. The example of type A are in’sultment ‘insult x ‘statement, lon’doni,stan ‘London x ,Paki’stan. Both in’sultment and lon’doni,stan assign their stresses in correspondence with unstressed syllable of SW1. In in’sultment, the stress is in the syllable sult in which this syllable is unstressed in word insult a noun, The examples of type B are ‘conrail con’solidated x ‘rail, ‘dicta,phone dic’tate x ‘phone, and in’terro,bang ,inte’rrogative x ‘bang. In those examples, the stress syllables are on con, dic, and ter which they are not stressed in their original words. The example of type C is ga’lumph ‘gallop x ‘triumph and ‘malware ma’licious x ‘software. As seen in these examples, the primary stress of both blends corresponds to the unstressed syllables. The examples of type D are ‘bio,pic bi’ography x ‘picture and ‘Intel,sat in’telligent x ‘satellite. In ‘bio,pic and ‘intel,sat, both the syllables bi and in are assigned primary stress, although in the original words they are not. Besides, the types of overlapping blends which fit into this category are OV0, and OV2. The example of type OV0 is ca’meleo,pard ‘camel x ‘leopard, the syllable me is stressed. The examples of type OV2 are ‘netizen ‘internet x ‘citizen and du’ralumin ‘durable x ,alu’minium assign the stress in the syllable net and ra. 4 The Equivalence between Primary Stress in the Resulting Blends and Primary Stress in SW 2 The fourth pattern is that the primary stress in resulting blends is equivalent to the primary stress in the SW2. All types of clipping and overlapping blends match with this category. This characteristic mostly happens in type C of clipping blends The examples of type A of clipping blends are yoga’lates ‘yoga x ,pi’lates and ,need’cessity ‘need x ne’cessity. In these examples, the stressed syllables la and ces correspond to the stress of original words pi‟lates and ne‟cessity. The example of type B are ,alphanu’meric ,alpha’betic x nu’meric and ,bi’curious bi’sexual x ‘curious. These examples show the correspondence of the stressed syllable me with stress in nu’meric and cu with the stress in ‘curious. The examples of type C are ,edu’tainment ,edu’cation x enter’tainment and gi’normous ,gi’gantic x e’normous. In ,edu’tainment and gi’normous, the primary stress is in accordance with SW2 enter’tainment and e’normous. All types of overlapping blends, namely OV0, OV1, and OV2 are suitable to this pattern. The blend ,a quae’robics ‘aqua x ae’robics and ,radio’paque ‘radio x o’paque are the examples of OV0. These blends have the correspondence of the primary stress to the SW2 ae’obics and o’paque. The examples of type OV1, cla’mato ‘clam x to’mato and ,stalke’razzi ‘stalker x ,papar’azzi, the primary stress is in correspondence with SW2 to’mato and ,papar’azzi . The examples of type OV2 are ,walla ’roo ‘Wallaby x ,kanga’roo and ,afflu’enza ‘affluence x ,influ’enza. 5 The Equivalence between Primary Stress in the Resulting Blends and Primary Stress in SW 1 and SW2 The fifth pattern is that the primary stress in the resulting blends is equivalent to the primary stress in both first and second source word. Based on the statistic of data, the huge number of blends following this category occurs in the overlapping blends. This is based on the reason that it is the overlapping blend which has overlapped segments. Moreover, in the case of many overlapping blends, the two segments which are combined bear stress. To sum up, the occurrence of blends having stress in both source words is greater in the overlapping blends. All types of overlapping blends, namely OV0, OV1, and OV2 follow this category. The number of blends in the type OV1 suited to this category, however, is the most numerous. The examples of type OV0 in the overlapping blends are ‘guesstimate ‘guess x ‘estimate and ‘palimony ‘pal x ‘alimony. As seen in ‘guesstimate, the first syllable of each source words bears primary stress and overlaps one another, thus they become one primary stressed syllable. The same way occurs in ‘palimony in which pal and al are completely overlapped segments and assigned a primary stress. In the type OV1, the instances are bi’athlete bi’athlon x ‘athlete and ‘backronym ‘backwards x ‘acronym. In bi’athlete, the overlapped syllables ath in bi’athlon and ‘athlete are both assigned a primary stress. In ‘backronym, the overlapped segments æk are put in the same syllable and stressed. The examples of type OV2 are ,angio’tensin ,angio’tonin x ,hyper’tension and de’clamatory de’clarative x ex’clama,tory. In ,angio’tensin, the overlapped segment is t. Accordingly, the primary stressed syllable is in the syllable te which contains the segment t. In de’clamatory, the syllable cla in de’clarative overlapped with that in ex’clama,tory. Moreover, both syllables are primary stressed syllables. Nevertheless, this category does not necessarily combine syllables. Blends, however, combine constituents or so called splinters. When the splinters of both source words carrying stress merge into one syllable and get primary stress on that syllable as a blend, they are also regarded as having stress of both SW1 and 2. This case frequently happens in the clipping blends. The blend ‘fugly, which combines ‘fat and ‘ugly, is one of the examples. It is apparent that the primary stressed syllable occurs in the syllable fug which is the combination of segment fin SW1 and ug in the second source words. In their original syllable, both segments f and ug bear stress. Hence, it can be said that the blend ‘fugly bears stress in both SW1 and SW 2. However, this category does not always match into all types of clipping blends. The clipping blends which correlate to this category are type B and C. The examples of type B are ‘sageism ‘sexism x ‘ageism and ‘wunky ‘weird x ‘funky. In ‘sageism, the segment s in ‘sexism become one syllable with the segment age to make the stressed syllable sag. In ‘wunky, the first part of SW1 splinter w merge with splinter un to be one syllable and therefore the stress is there. Similarly in ‘sageism, splinter s and age are joined into one syllable. In type C, the examples are ‘wholphin ‘whale x ‘dolphin and ‘chofa ‘chair x ‘sofa. They both bear stress in both of the source words.

c. The Characteristics of Stress Assignment in Contiguous Blends

As mentioned beforehand, the phonological characteristics of blends which can be observed are the characteristics of stress assignment. There are three points which become the highlights of the previous discussion dealing with stress placement occurred in contiguous blends. These three points are presented in the following paragraphs. 1 The Correspondence of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends and Primary stress in One or Both Source Words After examining the data, it can be said that the primary stress in the resulting blends is in correspondence with the primary stress of one or both source words. Furthermore, the vast majority of blends are most likely to have primary stress which have the same position as in the source words, whether it is in SW1, SW2, or both SW1 and 2. As has been mentioned in the previous discusion, there are three categories of blends blends in terms of primary stress retained in the source words. The first category belongs to blends which retain primary stress in SW1. The characteristic of blends in this category is that the part of SW2 which contains primary stress is omitted. Thus, it remains SW1. This category is best fitted to type A of clipping blends. Blends of type A, however, omit one or more parts of SW2. For that reason, the opportunity that the stress falls on the syllable in SW1 is larger. Blends of type A combine the whole part of SW1 and last part of SW2. In this regard, the first part of SW2 which most likely contains stressed syllable is omitted. Moreover, it is common for polysyllabic nouns to have stress on the second syllable from the last or on the penultimate syllable. In bisyllabic nouns, the stress is commonly assigned in the first part which is usually in a penultimate syllable. Thus, it can be said that blends of this category retain the primary stress of SW1 since primary stressed syllable of SW2 is deleted. The second category belongs to blends which retain primary stress in SW2. This category mostly occurs in clipping blends type C. The characteristic of blends in this category is that it retains the primary stressed syllable of SW2. Blends of type C, however, preserves the first part of SW1 and the last part of SW2. For some extents, the last part of SW2 contains primary stress. Therefore, the primary stress of blends falls on the the syllable of SW2. The third category belongs to blends which retain primary stress in both SW1 and SW2. Blends of this category occur within two conditions. The first condition is that when the overlapped part covers the whole syllable and the primary stress is there. It frequently happens in overlapping blends. The second condition is that when the overlapped part is derived from the constituents of SW1 and SW2 and both constituents certainly bear primary stress. The type of blends which fit into this second condition is clipping blends. 2 The importance of the Position of SW2 Fundamentally, preserving last parts of SW2 containing primary stress is essential. It means that if blends preserve the primary stressed syllable of SW2, the primary stress of resulting blends is there. It is due to the fact that when combining parts of SW1 and SW2, the position of SW2 is always in the rear part of a blend. Moreover, it becomes more interesting when realizing that stress assignment is counted from the back of a word. For example, the primary stress of the blend ,tele’genic ‘television x ,photo’genic corresponds to the primary stress of SW2. As seen in the example that it preserves the rear part of SW2 which also contains primary stress. Moreover, according to the stress assignment rule, the stress is assigned on the penultimate syllable. Thus, the stress of blend is said to be stable in corresponding to the primary stress of SW2. Finally, it is obvious that the primary stress of blends which is equivalent to the primary stress of SW2 is more stable. On the contrary, the primary stress of blends which is equivalent to the stress of SW1 is not stable. It deals with some variations when the stress of blends falls on the syllable of SW1, whether it is in correspondence with the primary stress, secondary stress, or unstressed syllable. The primary stress of blends falls on the syllable of SW1 provided that the part of SW2 which contain primary stress is omitted. One of the examples is the blend ‘cronut ‘croissant x ‘doughnut. In ‘cronut, the first part of SW2 which contains the primary stress is omitted. It happens such a way that finally the stress falls on the syllable of SW1. Another example occurs in the case of secondary stress, namely e’lectret e,lec’tricity x ‘magnet. In e’lectret, the primary stress is in correspondence with the secondary stress of SW1. It is apparent that the primary stressed syllable of SW2 is omitted. It also happens when SW2 is a monosyllabic word such as in the blend in’terro,bang ,inte’rrogative x ‘bang. In in’terro,bang, the primary stress corresponds to the unstressed syllable of SW1. At last, the correspondence between primary stress in blends and primary stress in SW1 varies because the position of SW1 in blends is always in the front. Meanwhile, the correspondence between primary stress in blends and primary stress in SW2 remains steady since SW2 always appears in the rear part of a blend. It means that if it is placed in that position, it occurs in a secure position, considering that the stress of a blend is already there. In short, the role of SW2 is essential here. Once SW2 is insecure, it will affect the stress of blends as a whole. 3 The Stress Assignment of Blends According to the finding, the stress of blends is not necessarily determined by the stress of one of the source words. Rather, the stress of blends is assigned from the beginning, following the rule of new word manufacturing. It is mentioned in the second point that SW2 position in blends is more steady, referring to the correspondence between primary stress in blends and primary stress in SW2. If it happens, it does not become a matter when stating that the stress of blends follows the stress of one or both of the source words. The problem emerges when it deals with the correspondence between primary stress in blends and stress in SW1. Since the position is not steady, it evokes some variations such as in correspondence with the primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllable. This problem initiates the remark that actually the stress in resulting blends does not simply follow the stress of the source words. To some extents, the stress of resulting blends is assigned from the beginning, like what happens when a new word exists in order to be added to the lexicon of English. This time, it is better examining these following evidences. The evidences are taken from blends ‘desknote „desktop x „notebook and du’ralumin „durable x alu‟minium. According to the stress placement rule, the stress assigned to the blend „desknote is on the penultimate syllable. The stress assignment does not automatically become desk’note in order to be equivalent to the stress of second source word „notebook. Similarly in du’ralumin, the stress falls on the antepenultimate syllable. However, the stress assignment does not necessarily become „duralumin or duralu‟min in order to be equivalent to the stress of SW1 „durable and SW2 alu‟minium. These evidences verify that the stress of blends is assigned from the beginning, following the rule of stress assignment. Nonetheless, people are misguided by mentioning that stress of resulting blends is inherited. The problem is that there is a tendency to resemble the stress of more familiar words, in this case, the stress of one of sourcewords. For example, the primary stress of the blend bro’tato ‘brother x po’tato falls on the penultimate teɪ. The stress of more familiar word po’tato also falls on the syllable teɪ. Similarly, the blend floa’tel floating x hotel has similar stress as in ho’tel. The same way occurs in the blends fra’tastic fra’ternity x fan’tastic and , stalke’razzi ‘stalker x ,papa’razzi since they resemble stress of the words fan’tastic and ,papa’razzi. All of these examples hold the last parts of SW2 which contains primary stress. The remaining part of source words is preserved so that people become aware that the blends they read or hear are originally a combination of words. In this regard, they can quickly guess the source words which make up a blend. As a final remark, it is worth saying that the stress of English blends is assigned based on the stress placement rule of English. It is essential to put aside the phonological features, such as syllable constituents and stress assignments which are brought by each source word. Therefore, they are adjusted following