CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the writer would like to discuss the methodology used in this study. This study involves research method which deals with the method carried out
by the writer, research participants, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data analysis, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
This research is a Research and Development RD. According to Borg 1963: 772, RD is a process used to develop and validate educational products.
The goal of RD is to take the research knowledge and incorporate it into a product that can be used in school.
According to Borg and Gall 1983:73, there are ten major steps used to develop courses. The first step is research and information collecting. It includes
review of literature, classroom observations, and preparation of report of state of the art. The second step is planning which includes defining skills, stating objectives
determining course sequence, and scale feasibility testing. The third step is developing preliminary form of product. It includes preparation of instructional
materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices. The fourth step is preliminary field testing. The fifth step is main product revision. It is done based on the preliminary
field-test result. The sixth step is main field testing. Its purpose is to determine whether the educational product under development meets its performance
objectives. The seventh step is operational product revision. The product is revised 28
by main field-test result. The eighth step is operational field testing. Its purpose is to determine whether an educational product is fully ready for use in the schools
without the presence of the developer or his staff. The ninth step is final product revision. The new product is revised based on the results of operational field-testing.
The last step is dissemination and implementation. It includes report on product at professional meetings and in journals.
This study only applied the first five steps of RD. They are research and information collecting, planning, developing preliminary form of product,
preliminary field testing, and main product revision.
B. Research Participants 1. Participants of the Pre-Design Survey
The participants of pre-design survey were the students of Management Major of Duta Wacana University Yogyakarta. The number of participants was 20.
Table 3.1: The Description of
Participants
of the Pre-Design Survey
2. Participants of the Post-Design Survey
The participants of the survey on the designed materials were two lecturers of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University and two
English lecturers of Management Major of Duta Wacana University. They were supposed to be evaluators of the designed materials. In this case, the writer
distributed the designed materials to get feedback as the foundation in doing the FM
Age F
M 19-20
21-22 23-24
29 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
revision. The description of the participants could be summarized in the table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2: The Description of
Participants
of the Post-Design Survey
FM Education
Background Teaching Experiences
in year Group
of Participants F
M S1
S2 S3
1-5 6-10
11-15
Lecturers of English Language Education
Study Program of Sanata Dharma University
English lecturers of Management Major of
Duta Wacana University
C. Research Instruments
Several instruments were used in this study. The instruments used in this study are:
1. Questionnaires
According to Elliot 1988: 8, “a questionnaire is one way to elicit other’s people observations and interpretations of situations and events as well as their
attitudes towards them.” There are two types of questionnaires were used in this study: structured and unstructured. The structured questionnaires or closed form
contain the question and alternative answers. The participants chose the answers that had already been provided. On the other hand, the unstructured questionnaires or
open form were given to the participants in the form of questions for criticisms or suggestions.
The first questionnaires which were distributed to the students of Management Major of Duta Wacana University Yogyakarta were structured or
closed questionnaires. The purpose was to obtain information about the learner’s 30
need, interest, and characteristic. The second one was distributed to the lecturers of the English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University and lecturers of
Management Major of Duta Wacana University. The forms of the questions in the questionnaires were structured or closed form and unstructured or open form.
2. Interview
According to Elliot 1988: 80, “interview is a good way to find out about what the situation looks like from other points of view.” The writer conducted the
unstructured or open form interview because it was aimed to get more information from the participants. It was conducted informally to the students of Management
Major of Duta Wacana University Yogyakarta. The writer interviewed the participants by using Indonesian so they would easy catch the point of the question.
D. Data Gathering Technique 1. Data Gathering Technique of the Pre-Design Survey
In this study, the writer did the pre-design survey by distributing and gathering questionnaires to some of the sixth semester students of Management
Major of Duta Wacana University Yogyakarta and interviewed some of them informally.
2. Data Gathering Technique of the Post-Design Survey
The writer also did the post-design survey by distributing the questionnaires and the designed materials to two English lecturers of English Education Study
Program of Sanata Dharma University and two lectures of Management Major of Duta Wacana University in order to get evaluation and feedback in which later on
used as the basis to revise or improve the designed materials. 31
E. Data Analysis Technique 1. Data Analysis of the Pre-Design Survey
The data of the pre-design survey were analyzed as the table 3.3.
Table 3.3: The Analyzed Data of the Pre-Design Survey
NO CASES
OPTIONS NUMBER
PERCENTAGE 1.
2.
The data were calculated as follows:
N N
x 100
N : the number of participants who choose the certain answer
∑N : the total number of the participants 2. Data Analysis of the Post-Design Survey
The results of the lecturers of English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University’ and the lecturers of Management Major of Duta Wacana
University’ opinions about the designed materials consisted of 4 points of agreement:
1
: strongly disagree
2 : disagree
3
: agree
4 : strongly agree
The following table shows the central tendency of the participants’ opinion and they were presented in the table 3.4.
Table 3.4: The Analyzed Data from the Post-Design Survey
CENTRAL TENDENCY NO.
PARTICIPANTS’ OPINION N
Mn 1.
2. 32
Brown 1988:66 states there are three indicators which are used to see the central tendency. They are the mean, median, and mode. According to Brown, the
mean is probably the single most commonly reported indicator of central tendency. The mean is the average score. The formula to get the mean is:
1.
X
=
N ΣX
Notes:
X
= mean ∑ = the sum of
X = raw score N = number of scores
The assessment of the mean was classified as follows: 1.01-2.1 : poorly designed and not acceptable
2.01-3 : fairly designed but needs a lot of revisions
3.01-4 : good designed, applicable, and acceptable
If the average means was 1.01-2, the designed materials were considered poor and unacceptable because only 25-50 of the statements in the questionnaire were
judged positively by the participants. If the average means was 2.01-3, the designed materials were considered fair but still needs a lot of revisions since only 50-75
of the statements in the questionnaire were judged positively by the participants. The designed materials were considered good, applicable, and acceptable if the average
means was above 3.01 because it showed that more than 75 of the statements in the questionnaire were judged positively by the participants.
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F. Research Procedures
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