structured materials with teachers whose materials were loosely structured Van den Akker, 1988 in Hutchinson and Torres, 1994.It is found out in his study that
the highly structured approach is more effective in getting curriculum change into the classroom, for which Hutchinson and Torres 1994 then conclude that the
crucial factor in achieving smooth and lasting change is security, considering that change is a disruptive and threatening process. Furthermore, they challenge the
roles of textbooks as agents of curriculum change addressing textbooks to be beneficial in gradually introducing changes within a structured framework, giving
room for teacher to concentrate on coping with new content and procedures, and relieving the teacher of much of the burden of responsibility for introducing
changes.
C. Ethnicity
People are born embodying certain ethnic qualities. Even though they may not consciously be aware of their own ethnic identity, others of different
ethnic groups shall be able to identify that they have some differences – that they represent diversity of ethnicity. These differences are not to be treated as barriers
to relate to each other, instead they open opportunities for people to getting to know each other. As problems regarding ethnicity keep increasing in many places,
it has become an urgent issue that people need to equip themselves with knowledge on ethnicity and thus learn to embrace ethnic awareness toward each
other. Coming from this idea, the following literature reviews try to present the idea of ethnicity from the fundamental knowledge of the definition of ethnicity to
the solution to the intensifying number of ethic issues, one of which is through education.
1. Definition of Ethnicity
It seems that in many literatures there is a tendency to refer ethnicity to ethnic group instead of talking about ethnicity in itself, relating it to race, or in
many cases in fact, ended up not to specifically define the term in regard to its flexibility. Literally, ethnic is derived from the Greek ethnos which means nation.
Although the word may signify neutral use, Edwards 1994 and Fishman 1998 concur that it was historically associated with outsiders or barbarians, referring to
its origin as Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible to refer to those which were “neither Christian nor Jewish”. Fishman 1998 adds that even though the term
has mostly lost its negative subtext, some still linger in popular exotic attribute such as in ‘ethnic hairdo’ or ‘ethnic music’.
One popular view on ethnicity which actually focus on the term as itself comes from Cohen 1978 in Fought 2006: 8 which sees ethnicity as “set of
descent-based cultural identifiers used to assign person to groupings that expand and contract in inverse relation to the scale of inclusiveness and exclusiveness of
the membership”, which Koentjaraningrat 2009 may indirectly refer it to unique features. On the opposite end, Emberling 1997 believes that ethnicity is best
regarded as a process of identification and differentiation, rather than an inherent attribute of individuals or group. Fishman 1998 notes that ethnicity is “both
narrower than culture and more perspectival than culture”. The groupings referred to by Cohen 1978 in Fought 2006 and Emberling 1997 above are
