Notes: Code
: The code consists of “chronological number of datum or recording unitchronological number of context
unitpage number where the datum can be found”. For example, 0016C004P010 is interpreted as
follows: - 0016 represents the 16
th
datum. - C004 represents the 4
th
context unit. - P010 informs that the data can be found on
page 10 of the textbook.
The dialogsmonologs spoken by non-ethnic characters are included in the sheet as context units to
provide contextual information for analysis purposes. Abbreviations
B : Beni, the character representing ethnic Batak D : Dayu, the character representing ethnic Balinese
E : Edo, the character representing ethnic Papuan L : Lina, the character representing ethnic Minahasan
S : Siti, the character representing ethnic Javanese U : Udin, the character representing ethnic Sundanese
F. Trustworthiness
This research attempted to meet trustworthy data, findings, and research procedure as a whole by applying some strategies to enhance the credibility,
dependability, confirmability, and transferability of the research. The credibility of this research is expected to be achieved mainly
through triangulation Creswell, 2012; Lodico et al., 2010; Lincoln and Guba, 2013 and progressive focusing Stake, 2010. Additionally, the researcher
conducted some credibility-enhancing procedures suggested by Elo et al. 2014 such as pre-testing the coding, determining purposive sampling strategy,
providing detailed description of data sampling and unitizing, and using figures and tables to explain the data processing in the reporting phase. These procedures
are expected to achieve well-saturated data collection which is significant to the research credibility.
The dependability of this research was challenged by providing detailed description of data collection and analysis, with emphasis on criteria and principle
in selecting the sampled data Lodico et al., 2010; Elo et al., 2014. The data analysis sheet of this research is also made available for reviewing in the
appendices, so that other researchers may trace the collected data and the analysis. The confirmability of this research was enhanced by conducting a test-
retest design or several rounds of independence coding in the organization phase Krippendorf, 2004; Schreier, 2012 in Elo et al., 2014. In the reporting phase, the
confirmability of the research was met by quoting some relevant data as evidence.
The transferability of the research was evaluated by providing thick descriptions Geertz, 1973 in Lincoln and Guba, 2013, including detailed
information on context and cultural background regarding problems of the research in the literature review Lodico et al., 2010 and systematic and careful
presentation of findings in the reporting phase Elo et al., 2014.
G. Data Analysis
As mentioned earlier, this research adopted the content analysis as its research design which mainly contributes to the process of data analysis. Content
analysis as a data analysis technique, as Berg 2001 defines, is an objective coding scheme which is applied to various types of unobtrusive data to condense
the data and made them systematically comparable for analysis. Other experts on content analysis such as Krippendorf 2004 and Holsti 1968, however, consider
content analysis to function more than being a data analysis technique, but a significant research design in itself. Krippendorf 2004: 18 defines content
analysis as “a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts … to the contexts of their use”, while Holsti 1968: 601 offers a broader
definition of content analysis as “any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying specified characteristics of messages.”
This research also considers the particular type of content analysis namely linguistic content analysis Roberts, 1989: 148. It refers to content
analysis technique which “treats the clause as the unit of analysis” and “record relations among words,” for which Roberts 1989 calls it an alternative of
content analysis “other than counting words.” Applying content analysis’
essential concept of abductive inferences Krippendorf, 2004 and Roberts’ 1989 theory of LCA, this research inferred the representation of multi-ethnicity in the
textbook When English Rings A Bell for SMPMTs Kelas VIII, viewed from the interpersonal metafunction choices of the clauses in the sampled dialogs or
monologs. The data analysis process in this research is presented in more detail in the following steps:
1. Coding the recorded data disassembling and place them into the designated data sheets,
2. Categorizing the recorded data according to the categories determined in the data sheets reassembling,
3. Counting the frequency of occurrences of the data in each category, 4. Repeating step 1-3 for trustworthiness of confirmability,
5. Checking the credibility of the data by performing data triangulation with the research collaborators.
6. Representing the data as a whole in the form of graphsdiagrams for comparison and making links,
7. Interpreting the findings based on the research questions, 8. Reporting the description of analysis process as well as the findings
of the research.
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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the descriptions for the findings, interpretations, and discussions of the research. The findings of the research summarize the result
of the analysis and are described under the sub-chapter of Research Findings. This sub-chapter is aided by tables and diagrams for comprehensive representation.
Meanwhile the interpretations and discussions of the research are covered under the sub-chapter of Discussions which reflects the efforts to achieve the proposed
research objective. In order to present trustworthy interpretations and discussions, some selected data samples are provided in this sub-chapter as evidence.
A. Research Findings
There were 1050 data analyzed from the textbook When English Rings a Bell for SMPMTs Kelas VIII. The data were in the form of clauses collected
from the dialogs and monologs spoken by the six ethnic characters featured in the textbook. As summarized in Table 12, the occurrences among the six ethnic
characters were distributed quite unequally with noticeable results for Edo Papuan being the highest with 205 occurrences 19.52 and Siti Javanese
being the lowest in the distribution with 146 occurrences 13.90. The distribution of occurrences among the other ethnic characters showed invariable
results of around 15-17 occurrences. These data were then categorized into their respective selection of speech functions and were described further in the
following sections.
