Table 13: Distribution of Question Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Question
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Udin Sundanese 30
29.13
2
nd
Edo Papuan 20
19.42
3
rd
Beni Batak 19
18.45
4
th
Lina Minahasan 15
14.56
5
th
Siti Javanese 11
10.68
6
th
Dayu Balinese 8
7.77
Total 103
100.00
Table 14: Distribution of Statement Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Statement
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Beni Batak 111
18.78
2
nd
Lina Minahasan 109
18.44
3
rd
Dayu Balinese 106
17.94
4
th
Siti Javanese 95
16.07
5
th
Edo Papuan 93
15.74
6
th
Udin Sundanese 77
13.03
Total 591
100.00
Table 15: Distribution of Offer Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Offer
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Beni Batak
1 100.00
2
nd
Dayu Balinese 0.00
2
nd
Edo Papuan 0.00
2
nd
Lina Minahasan 0.00
2
nd
Siti Javanese 0.00
2
nd
Udin Sundanese 0.00
Total 1
100.00
Table 16: Distribution of Command Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Command
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Edo Papuan 20
27.03
2
nd
Lina Minahasan
19 25.68
3
rd
Beni Batak 11
14.86
4
th
Udin Sundanese 9
12.16
5
th
Dayu Balinese 8
10.81
6
th
Siti Javanese 7
9.46
Total 74
100.00
Table 17: Distribution of Answer Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Answer
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Edo Papuan 51
31.68
2
nd
Dayu Balinese 29
18.01
3
rd
Udin Sundanese 27
16.77
4
th
Beni Batak 20
12.42
5
th
Lina Minahasan 17
10.56
5
th
Siti Javanese 17
10.56
Total
161 100.00
Table 18: Distribution of Acknowledgement Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Acknowledgement
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Udin Sundanese 15
22.06
2
nd
Beni Batak 12
17.65
3
rd
Edo Papuan 11
16.18
3
rd
Siti Javanese
11 16.18
4
th
Lina Minahasan 10
14.71
5
th
Dayu Balinese 9
13.24
Total 68
100.00
Table 19: Distribution of Contradiction Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Contradiction
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Lina Minahasan 2
40.00
2
nd
Dayu Balinese 1
20.00
2
nd
Edo Papuan 1
20.00
2
nd
Udin Sundanese 1
20.00
3
rd
Beni Batak 0.00
3
rd
Siti Javanese 0.00
Total 5
100.00
Table 20: Distribution of Disclaimer Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Disclaimer
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Lina Minahasan 1
50.00
1
st
Udin Sundanese 1
50.00
2
nd
Beni Batak 0.00
2
nd
Dayu Balinese 0.00
2
nd
Edo Papuan 0.00
2
nd
Siti Javanese 0.00
Total 2
100.00
Table 21: Distribution of Salutory Speech Function Rank from
highest to lowest occurrences
Ethnic Characters Salutory Speech Function
Occurrences Percentage 1
st
Udin Sundanese
13 28.89
2
nd
Edo Papuan 9
20.00
3
rd
Lina Minahasan 8
17.78
4
th
Dayu Balinese 6
13.33
5
th
Siti Javanese 5
11.11
6
th
Beni Batak 4
8.89
Total 45
100.00
Examining these tables, there were also some observable patterns to be worthy of notice when they were seen from the perspective of the six ethnic
characters and their ranks in the distributions. As revealed by the tables, four of the ethnic characters, Lina Minahasan, Edo Papuan, Udin Sundanese and
Beni Batak, had their fair share of being in the upper and lower rank of the distributions, especially Udin and Edo who ranked first in three and two
distributions respectively. Udin Sundanese dominated the distributions of the Questions, the Acknowledgements, and the Salutory speech functions, while Edo
Papuan dominated the distributions of the Answers and the Commands. On the other hand, the other two ethnic characters, Dayu Balinese and Siti Javanese,
were observed to mostly rank in the lower tier of the list. Dayu Balinese ranked second and third in the distribution of Answer, but was fourth in the distribution
of the Salutory speech function and was in the last two in the other five major distributions. As for Siti Javanese, her highest ranks were third and fourth in the
distribution of the Acknowledgements and the Statements respectively, but then constantly placed in either of the last two ranks in the rest of the distributions. To
help illustrating these findings, a stacked bar graph is presented in the following figure.
Figure 12: Pattern of Speech Function Distribution
It is to be noted, however, that due to the small number of occurrences found in the distribution of the Offer, the Contradiction, and the Disclaimer, these
speech functions are not considered in the analysis of the pattern above. Instead, these speech functions contribute to the determining of the richness of the ethnic
characters’ selection of speech functions, as also determined by the markedness of the mood realizations some speech functions are associated with.
2. Markedness in Mood Realizations
With regard to the grammatical realizations, some speech functions demonstrate certain marked mood realizations in addition to its unmarked
realizations. There are 4 speech functions which were found to have these marked realizations in the data source, encompassing the Question, the Statement, the
Command, and the Answer. Meanwhile the other five speech functions did not show any marked realizations. This markedness of the mood realizations often
50 100
150 200
250 B
D E
L S
U Statement
Answer Question
Command Acknowledgement
Salutory Speech Function Contradiction
Disclaimer
manifested unique instances of speech functions which may prompt a distinct interpretation, as well as adding to the variations of the speech function selected
by the six ethnic characters. The following table details these occurrences of the marked mood realizations in the data source.
Table 22: Marked Mood Realizations of the Speech Functions
Speech Functions Markedness
in Mood Realization
Be ni
Batak Dayu
Balinese Edo
P apuan
Lina Minah
asan Sit
i Javan
es e
Udin S
und anese
Total
Question
Unmarked 18
8 20
15 10
30 101 Marked
1 -
- -
1 -
2
Statement
Unmarked 111 105 93 108 95
77 589 Marked
- 1
- 1
- -
2
Command
Unmarked 5
5 17
15 5
5 52
Marked 6
3 3
4 2
4 22
Answer
Unmarked 20
29 51
17 16
27 160 Marked
- -
- -
1 -
1
As indicated by the table above, it can be noticed that the occurrences of the marked mood realizations of these speech functions were remarkably lower
than their unmarked ones. There were only 2 occurrences of the markedly realized Questions selected by Beni Batak and Siti Javanese. The Statements’ marked
realizations were also found in 2 occurrences selected by Dayu Balinese and Lina Minahasan. The marked mood realizations of the Commands, however,
showed some comparable results with 22 occurrences found distributed almost equally between the ethnic characters. Meanwhile the marked mood realization of
the Answer only occurred once as selected by Siti Javanese. From the perspective of the ethnic characters, Siti Javanese was noticeably the only one
who selected these markedly realized speech functions but one of the Statements. On the other hand, Edo Papuan and Udin Sundanese only selected one of these
marked mood realizations which is that of the Command. The other ethnic characters, Beni Batak, Dayu Balinese, and Lina Minahasan each selected
two markedly realized speech functions and missed the other two marked mood realizations. The significance of these variations in the ethnic characters’ selection
of speech functions, particularly focusing on the marked mood realizations, is discussed in more detail in the next sub-chapter of Discussions.
B. Discussions
This sub-chapter proposes answers to the research objectives by providing investigations and interpretations to the result of the research findings
presented in the previous sub-chapter. There are two main sections in this sub- chapter. The first section offers investigations and interpretations to the findings
of speech function distribution as an effort to achieve the first research objective: “To investigate the influence of the speech functions selected by the six featured
ethnic characters on the depiction of multi-ethnicity in the textbook When English Rings a Bell for SMPMTs Kelas VIII.” Meanwhile the second section advances
the investigations and interpretations to the findings of mood type distribution with regard to the second research objective: “To reveal the mood type
distribution among the six featured ethnic characters and its significance to the representation of multi-ethnicity in the textbook When English Rings a Bell for
SMPMTs Kelas VIII.” The discussions are mainly based on O’Donnell’s 1999 theory of the dynamic model of exchange and Halliday and Matthiesen’s 2004
theory of mood types. Furthermore, this sub-chapter also provides evidence in the form of analyzed data samples and references to the previous related research
findings in order to present comprehensive and trustworthy discussions.
1. The Representations of the Ethnic Characters as Conveyed by Their Selection of Speech Functions
Speech functions refer to the roles selected by the participants of an exchange which affect the direction where the exchange is heading to. In the
textbook When English Rings a Bell for SMPMTs Kelas VIII, the six featured ethnic characters selected all types of speech functions including question,
statement, acknowledgement, contradiction, and disclaimer speech functions. Each of these speech functions implies certain conditions for both the speaker and
the listener as they assigned themselves with the roles. These conditions are different in each speech functions and thus are discussed separately in the
following sections.
a. Question
Question is the speech function which signifies that the speaker is demanding the listener to complete a partly specified proposition. The speaker can
leave either the content or polarity unspecified, for then the listener will respond by providing the required information to complete the proposition. Therefore, this
speech function is always in the initiating position. As presented in the previous sub-chapter, the Question was the third
most selected speech function in the overall distribution among the six ethnic
