All the three latest survey is research on borrowing word with focus on types of borrowing words, condition of borrowing, and the change of meaning words.
These theses are significant research because the borrowing words have many focusing topics to be studied. And the writer will analyze borrowing words with focus
on technique of a translation and types of borrowing word in chapter three.
B. Borrowings
1. Definition of Borrowing
Borrowing words are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language.
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The evidence can process from the non-native speaker who is write or speech willfully or not take the word in order that the reader can understand
what is being spoken because borrowing is not always from language into another, sometimes it is merely between dialects.
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A borrowing can also be called a loan word.
17
The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. Loan and borrowing are of course
metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no returning words to the source language.
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They come to
15
Martin Haspelmath, Understanding Morphology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 107
16
Charles F. Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics, New York: The McMilan Company, 1958, p. 389
17
Azhari Hasan, Borrowing and Lexicon, Karbala: Kerbala University, 2009, Vol.7, No.3, p. 41
18
Ibid.
be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one they derived it.
Languages borrow primarily to communicate; borrowing, therefore, occur to necessity or need where a language does not have a readily available word for
something. Other reasons for borrowing include prestige and foreign influence. Borrowing occurs when speakers of a given language have had some contact with
anotherother languages.
2. Types of Borrowing
Charles F. Hockett is a professor of linguistics explained that there is four types of borrowing words processes depending on phonological and semantic
characteristics.
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Hockett has organized as follows: 1.
Loan word: Loan word is the process of morphological importation involving no morphological substitution but with or without substitution
in phoneme. Example: Data = Data, Skill = Skill, Fellow = Fellow, Window = Window, Skin = Skin, Tax = Tax, Religion = Religion, Saint =
saint.
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2. Loan blend: Loan blend is the combination of more than one loan-word,
is a form in which one element is a loanword and the other is a native
19
Charles F. Hockett, op.cit., pp. 408-413
20
Azhar Hasan, op.cit., p.43
element, as in the borrowed preost priest plus the native -had hood in Old English to produce preosthad priesthood.
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3. Loan shift: another process that occurs in adapting native words to the
new meanings. Examples of loanwords in English are God, heaven, and hell.
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Example in Indonesian: efficient = tepat guna, performance = dayaguna.
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C. Translation
