element, as in the borrowed preost priest plus the native -had hood in Old English to produce preosthad priesthood.
21
3. Loan shift: another process that occurs in adapting native words to the
new meanings. Examples of loanwords in English are God, heaven, and hell.
22
Example in Indonesian: efficient = tepat guna, performance = dayaguna.
23
C. Translation
1. Definition of Translation
A translation is an operation performed on languages; a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another
24
, on the other hand, are a process of replacing a text in one language by a text in another.
25
There has been a plethora of definitions which Eugene A. Nida has elaborately surveyed. He
elucidates: Definitions of proper translating are almost as numerous and varied as the people who have undertaken to discuss the subject. This diversity is in a sense quite
21
Bates L. Hoffer, Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adabtability and Receptivity, San Antonio: Intercultural Communication Studies, 2005, Vol. XIV, No. 2, p. 54
22
Ibid.
23
Dendy Sugono, Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Ungkapan Asing, Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, 2003, p. 132
24
J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 1
25
Susan Bassnett, Transaltion Studies London: Routledge Taylor, 2002, p. 22
understandable; for there are vast differences in the materials translated, in the purpose of the publication, and in the needs of the prospective audience.
26
According to Brislin, a translation is a general technical term that pointed on mind and concept from one language source language to other language target
language,
27
either in writing language or spoken language; either both language have a basic system on writing language or not.
28
This translation is supported by theory of J.C. Catford who clarifies that translation is replacement textual material in one
language by equivalent textual material in another language
29
. Rochayah Macali explains the definition of a translation as said by Newmark,
that “the translation rendering the meaning of text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”
30
The translation works not only in writing text also make a clear communication with global areas in dialogue. Like Newmark said, as a
means of communication, a translation is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared increasingly conspicuously in public places; for instructions issued by
exporting companies; for tourist publicity, where it is too often produced from the native of the „foreign‟ language by natives of a matter of national pride; for official
documents, such as treaties and contracts; for reports, papers, articles,
26
E.A Nida, Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964, p. 161
27
Richard W Brislin, Translation; Application and Research, New York: Gardner Press, Inc, 1976, p. 1
28
Zuchridin Suryawinata, Translation: Bahasan Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan, Kanisius: Yogyakarta, 2003, p. 13
29
J. C. Catford, op. cit., p. 20
30
Rochayah Macali, Pedoman bagi Penerjemahan Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 2000, p. 25
correspondence, textbooks to convey information, advice and recommendations for every branch of knowledge.
31
2. Process of Translation
