Type of Translation THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

if it is wether using the general form of text or phrase or wether standard once. 42

D. Type of Translation

Relation between languages can generally be regarded as two-directional, though not always symmetrical. As a process, translation is always uni-directional: it is always performed in a given direction, from a Source Language into a Target Language. 43 We can call Source Language as SL and Target Language as TL. The writer will defines some broad types of categories of a translation as explained by Catford, in terms of the extent, levels, and ranks. 44 Extent: 1. Full translation: the entire part of SL text is replaced by TL text material. 2. Partial translation: some part or parts of the SL text are left untranslated. Levels: 1. Total translation; grammar and lexis SL is replaced by equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonologygraphology by non-equivalent TL phonologygraphology. 2. Restricted translation; it means placement of SL textual material by equivalent TL textual material at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis. Respectively, substitution of SL grammar for equivalent TL grammar, but 42 Frans Sayogie, op. cit. p. 29 43 J. C. Catford, op. cit., p. 20 44 Ibid, p. 21 with no replacement of lexis, and substitution of SL lexis for equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar. Besides the type of translation mentioned above, Catford distinguishes the other two types, they are: 1. Phonological Translation; SL phonology is replaced by equivalent TL phonology, but there are no other substitutions, except such grammatical or lexical changes as many result accidentally from phonological translation. 2. Graphology Translation; SL phonology is replaced by equivalent TL graphology with no other substitutions, except accidental changes. Ranks: 1. Rank-bounded translation; an attempt is made always to select TL equivalents of the same rank, e.g. word. A word-rank-bound translation is useful for certain purposes, often, however, rank- bound translation is „bad‟ translation, in that it involves using TL equivalents which are not appropriate to their location in the TL text, and which are not justified by the interchangeability of SL and TL texts in one and the same situation. 2. Rank-unbounded translation; a free translation is always unbounded- equivalences shunt up and down the rank scale, but tend to be at the higher ranks-sometimes between larger units than the sentence. 45 45 Ibid. p. 23

E. Procedures of Translation