The Limitation of Problem

8 Based on those statements above, clearly, reading is a complex process in getting meaning or in understanding the message. It is commonly what we call as reading comprehension. It is in line with Daniel and Samuels 1998 who stated that “The actively understanding of the message to construct the meaning concerning the transaction between what the author is trying to convey through his words and the mind of a reader is called as reading comprehension ” p. 30. However, in comprehending a printed language, it is quite difficult as the reader must accomplish multiple things simultaneously in constructing the meaning from a text. Here, Ur 1996 explained that: Our aims in real-life reading usually go beyond mere understanding. We may wish to understand something in order to learn from it in a course of study, in order to find out how to act instructions, directions, in order to express an opinion about it a letter requesting advice, or for many other purposes. Other pieces of writing, into which the writer has invested thought and care, demand a personal response from the reader to the ideas in the text, such as interpretation, application to other contexts, criticism, or evaluation p. 150. The illustration above shows how the complexity of reading. However, these abilities are the important things that should be mastered to completely understand in getting the meaning of a text. Moreover, in reading comprehension the readers also need to combine the information from the text with their background knowledge to comprehend the text. Lewin 2003 considered thi s as “prior knowledge”. He said that; Prior knowledge is regarded as what the readers know toward incoming topic concerning their past knowledge which is stored in the brain then occurring the integration of newly information to evoke retrieving the existing information to save them into their memories in categories called as schemata or it is widely known as „schema theory‟ p. 23. Hence, to grasp the meaning of the text, a reader is sought to gain the ability in interpreting the text meaningfully where he needs prior knowledge to assist him in making sense of the author‟s message. It is in line with Linse 2005 stated that the reading comprehension refers to for meaning, understanding, and entertainment p. 71. Thus, in preparing reading activities the readers mentally access their schemata toward current reading topic then recalling to evoke what they 9 already know. It really helps facilitating their comprehension when that knowledge is tapped. Shortly, reading comprehension involves the whole experiences which a reader has. In sum up, reading comprehension involves many activities, interpretation, convert, and reproduction. For each definition has its own activity, it depends on the reading purpose of the reader. A.1.2 The Purposes of Reading In real life, people generally read something because they want to or have a desire to do so and a purpose to achieve. The goal for establishing a purpose for reading is to identify the appropriate motive for reading and to determine the appropriate reading style to fit that purpose Graves, 2004. Whatever the purpose, it is important to have a purpose set prior to reading. Pressley 2004 express the importance of establishing a purpose for reading by stating “reading is a conscious, deliberate act prompted by plausible purpose, it is what motivates us, helps us focus our attention, or gives us a goal, something tangible to work toward ” p. 267. Establishing a purpose for reading is also important for monitoring comprehension. A reader will be more alert to certain aspects of the reading if they know their goal. They will be more aware of confusing or unclear sections of the text. When students are aware of their goals prior to reading, they become more motivated to read. Based on the statement above, clearly, people read for many purposes. Some of them read for pleasure and some read for getting information in which different purposes gain different technique used. In addition, Nuttal 2005 stated that “whatever your reasons for reading excluding any reading for language learning, it is not very likely that you were interested in the pronunciation of what you read, and even less likely that you more interested in the grammatical structure used. You read because you wanted to get something from the writing ” p. 3. This statement also emphasizes on no matter the reader‟s technique used in reading, it aims to convey the message of the text. The different purpose of reading is also stated by Harmer. He divided it into some areas such as predictive skills, extracting specific information, getting the general picture, extracting detailed information, recognizing function and discourse patterns, and deducing meaning from context. Harmer, 1983,pp. 183 —184. Generally, reading purposes mentioned above is to understand or to comprehend the reading passage from the printed text whether there is an action or not after reading a text. It emphasizes on reading is not a general ability. Related to the purpose of reading itself, it embraces a wide variety of