Modulation The Translation Procedure

There are two kinds of equivalence: 1. Dynamic equivalence focuses in terms of the degree to which the receptor of the message in the receptor language. Dynamic equivalence has purpose to get the expression natural meaning and try to pay attention the reader’s culture of source language. It oriented to target language. 17 2. Formal equivalence gives attention on the message of source language. The message includes the form and content form text of source language. Example of this equivalence is translation on poetry, sentence, concept which appropriates to formal. In this case, the language should match as close as possible into source language in form and content. 18 The equivalence may be achieved if SL and TL words having similar orthographic of phonological features. Nevertheless, if there is no equivalence meaning to translate, the translator may adapt and add vocabularies. There are three are three ways to solve this problem. First, the translator gets foreign language fully. Then the translator may adapt source language into target language which is suitable with culture of target language. Last, the translator translating the text of source language freely. The following are some of different translation procedure according to Newmark proposes: 17 ibid 18 Frans Sayogie, penerjemahan Bahasa inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Syarief Hidayatullah, 2008. P.87  Transcription : it may or may not be required for SL institutional or cultural words to provide authenticity.  Transpotition: the replacement of one grammatical unit by other. It involves a change in the grammar from SL to SL, for instance, i change from singular to plural, ii the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, iii change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so on.  Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the massage of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.  Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two differences procedures. 19 But Dagut’s distinction between “translation” and “reproduction” like Catford’s distinction between “literal” and “free translation” does not take into account the view that sees translation as semiotic transformation. In his definition of translation equivalence, Propovic distinguishes four types: 1 Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both SL and TL text, i.e, word for word translation. 2 Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of “the elements of a pragmatic expressive axis”, i,e. elements of grammar, which Propovic sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence. 19 Peter Newmark, “A Text Book of Translation”, on Rochayah Machali , Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 2000, P.30-32. 3 Stylistic translational equivalence, where there is “functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning”. 4 Textual syntagmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatiic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape. 20 20 Susan Bassnett, Traslation Studies, London: Routledge, 2002. P.32