a Obliged modulation
Obliged modulation must be done if there are no equivalent words, phrases or structure on TL.
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Example : SL: Lesse TL: Penyewa
SL: Lessor TL: Orang yang menyewakan.
The word lessee translated as penyewa in Bahasa Indonesia, but is no equivalent word for lessor. So, the equivalent for the word lessor can be found by
shifting the point of view. Lessor translated as orang yang menyewakan. Example SL: The problem is hard to solve.
TL: Masalah itu sukar untuk dipecahkan. The active structure on SL changed into Passive in TL, or vice versa.
b Free modulation
Free modulation is the modulation that must be done by considering to a non-linguistics aspect. It is conducted to make the clearer meaning, or to make
the TL text so natural and familiar.
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Example : SL: Environmental degradation degradation quality environment. TL: Penurunan mutu lingkungan.
Constitute a case commonly known as explicit meaning in the target language from implicit meaning in the source language degradation quality environment.
12
Ibid.
13
Ibid
SL: These conflicts, which more often than not have regional causes. TL: konflik-konflik ini, yang disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab regional.
In the italic words the translator not translated the words than not.
3. Adaptation
Adaptation is an effort of finding a cultural equivalent on two certain situations. It must be done if there are any differences culture utterance on SL
and TL.
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For example, “Dear sir” on English translated as “Dengan Hormat”, not as “Tuan yang terhormat”.
C. Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet define equivalence essentially as the translation of idioms when two languages refer to the same situation in totally different ways.
As such, it is not, in their presentation, an especially interesting translation case since it is based essentially on language knowledge.
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The ultimate goal of the various translation techniques and strategies outlined in the all of theory is equivalence, a concept that has probably cost the lives of
more trees than any other in translation studies. Meaning equivalence is more needed in translation than only replacing a text from source language into target
language, so that it can be understood by target readers. Eugene. A. Nida explains that differences in language mean differences in culture.
16
14
Ibid. P.71
15
Peter Fawcett, Translation and Language, Linguistics Theories Explained, Manchester, UK: St. Jerome publishing.1997, P. 38
16
Eugene A. Nida, Contexts in translating, Amsterdam: John Benjamines Publishing,2001, P.26
There are two kinds of equivalence: 1. Dynamic equivalence focuses in terms of the degree to which the receptor
of the message in the receptor language. Dynamic equivalence has purpose to get the expression natural meaning and try to pay attention the reader’s
culture of source language. It oriented to target language.
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2. Formal equivalence gives attention on the message of source language. The message includes the form and content form text of source language.
Example of this equivalence is translation on poetry, sentence, concept which appropriates to formal. In this case, the language should match as
close as possible into source language in form and content.
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The equivalence may be achieved if SL and TL words having similar orthographic of phonological features. Nevertheless, if there is no equivalence
meaning to translate, the translator may adapt and add vocabularies. There are three are three ways to solve this problem. First, the translator gets foreign
language fully. Then the translator may adapt source language into target language which is suitable with culture of target language. Last, the translator
translating the text of source language freely. The following are some of different translation procedure according to
Newmark proposes:
17
ibid
18
Frans Sayogie, penerjemahan Bahasa inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Syarief Hidayatullah, 2008. P.87
