The Definition of Translation

a. The automatic transposition. In this case, the translator has no any option beside do it, because of the language system and grammatical rule. 7 Example : SL: A pair of trousers. TL : sebuah celana a plural in English language become a singular in Bahasa Indonesia. SL : The houses in Jakarta are built beautifully. TL: Rumah di Jakarta bagus-bagus. The different meaning in the phrase built beautifully is special verb than the target language is “bagus-bagus” b. Transposition that conducted when the grammatical structure in SL text is not equivalent in TL text. 8 Example : SL: Buku ini harus kita bawa. TL : We must bring this book. The object is in front of the sentences in Bahasa Indonesia but it is not in English grammatical structure. Except in passive voice or special grammatical structure. SL: Berbeda penjelasannya. TL: the explanation differs. In Bahasa Indonesia, verb is in front of the noun. In English language, it is not concord in English grammatical structure. c. Transposition conducted to the reason of natural utterance. 9 7 Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, Jakarta, PT.Grasindo, 2000, p.63. 8 Ibid. p.64 9 Ibid. Example : SL: The cells carrying the germ are dangerous. TL: Sel-sel yang mengandung kuman berbahaya. The clause carrying explain totality in source language and explicit in target language. SL: Thinking person TL: Orang yang berfikir. English noun phrase with adjective from verb intransitive become Noun+Clause. d. Transposition conducted to fill up the gaps of the word. 10 Example : SL: Adept TL: Sangat terampil. The word sangat is replacement of a virtual lexical gap in Bahasa Indonesia by a grammatical structure. SL : It is this agreement which is referred to not anything else TL: Perjanjian inilah yang diacu. The instrument of textual focus mark in target language clarifying with structure grammatical construction in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Modulation

According to Newmark, modulation is a change of the meaning that is caused by a shift of perspective or point of view, 11 and Rochayah Machali divided the modulation into two parts. There are obliged modulation and free modulation. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. p.69 a Obliged modulation Obliged modulation must be done if there are no equivalent words, phrases or structure on TL. 12 Example : SL: Lesse TL: Penyewa SL: Lessor TL: Orang yang menyewakan. The word lessee translated as penyewa in Bahasa Indonesia, but is no equivalent word for lessor. So, the equivalent for the word lessor can be found by shifting the point of view. Lessor translated as orang yang menyewakan. Example SL: The problem is hard to solve. TL: Masalah itu sukar untuk dipecahkan. The active structure on SL changed into Passive in TL, or vice versa. b Free modulation Free modulation is the modulation that must be done by considering to a non-linguistics aspect. It is conducted to make the clearer meaning, or to make the TL text so natural and familiar. 13 Example : SL: Environmental degradation degradation quality environment. TL: Penurunan mutu lingkungan. Constitute a case commonly known as explicit meaning in the target language from implicit meaning in the source language degradation quality environment. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid