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The income of farmers in the middle and lower reaches of the watershed is lower, due to the people in
the middle and downstream land managed acreage has more narrow around 30-36 acres. Farmers can not
change the land use to land uses for citrus crops, because it is a wetland or rice field, with a Subak system
where the member of Subak obey to rule awig-awig in the Subak.
The relationship of the farmers income and erosion rates were then analyzed using Spearman Rank.
The analysis showed that high income is not always followed by a high erosion or otherwise. This is caused
by high revenues for major crops are citrus crop whose price is determined by the market.
4.4 Planning of the Land Use in Ayung Watershed
4.5.1 Change of the Land Use
Changes in land use in 2008 to 2012 the increase in the use of residential land buildings 15.22 ha
0.31, forest area of 7.37 ha 0.51, the plantation area of 10.92 ha 0.10 , moor 191.84 ha 3.40, and
vacant land 8,24 ha 46.51. The use of irrigated land and shrubs each area of 13.246 ha declined and 221, 35
ha 0.59 and 15.04.
Based on the result of analysis and interview with respondents farmers in Kintamani district and Petang
subdistrict, the increase in forest area in the study site because people have begun to realize, given the function
of the forest is very large due to the slightest changes will affect the watershed discharge. This situation can
be seen from the observation to the field, in the village of Bayung Cerik, where in the area at the border of the
river has been planted with large trees that have economic value and function of protecting the
34
environment. Besides, between pine trees forest and the land has been planted with shrubs such as elephant
grass terrace amplifier is performed by farmers around the forest with the aim to guard against landslides
because farmers began to realize the functions of the forest.
4.5.2
Analysis of SWAT Results of analysis using models SWAT, with
land use change scenarios are presented in Table 4.3
Table 4.3 Analysis Results of Land Use Change on discharge in
Ayung Watershed
No Scenarios
Maximum
discharge
Minimum
discharge
River Regim
Coefficient ------------- m
3
det
-1
---------------- 1.
Scenario-1 9.34
2,92 3,20
2. Scenario-2
4,29 1,06
4,04 3.
Scenario-3 4,09
2,06 1,98
4. Scenario-4
4,34 2,24
1,94
Source : Result of Analysis
Scenario-1 using the data changes in land use in 2008-2012. Scenario-2, changing the use of wetland
RICE to residential URBN. Scenario-3 mixed plantation land use change AGRL become secondary
forest FRST. Scenario-4 changes in land use bush SHRB become secondary forest FRST.
The result of analysis showed the highest coefficient of river regime contained in the scenario-2
and the lowest in scenario-4 4.04 and 1.94. It is caused by changes in land use, the scenario-2 rainwater that
falls is not infiltrated properly so that surface runoff a greater than scenario-4. This situation can also be seen
from the results of the hydrological cycle. In scenario-1 precipitation of 2479.7 mm into the surface flow 981,48
mm; scenario-2 becomes runoff of 960.82 mm;
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scenario-3 becomes run off 897.19 mm and scenario-4 becomes runoff 875,17 mm. This means that changes in
land use scenario-4 is better because of runoff into the smaller rivers, because of the vast increase in land
cover, so that the rain water that falls has a chance infiltrated. Hydrological cycle of each scenario
presented in Figure 4.2.
Scenario-1 Scenario-2
Skenario-3 Skenario-4
Figure 4.2 The Hydrological Cycle Changes in land use, namely the increase in forest
area, orange groves and fields in the upper watershed land area derived from the reduction of the bushes
around the location of settlements. Instead of paddy
36
fields in the middle and lower reaches of the watershed size of decline, due to the need for land for housing or
waking region increases. Increasing in the use of land for settlements in the middle and lower reaches of the
watershed, from the conversion of paddy land conversion or deliberately left fallow or is allowed to
dry so that it will become dry land. Increased residential area can be used as an indicator the increasing number
of residents in an area and the shrinking of agricultural land into residential areas or paddy fields. For example
a housing development in the area Peguyangan Kangin to the South, namely Housing of Ayung Villa and
Terras, and housing in the area of Penatih.
The increasing of people number in the lower watershed, causing land conversion quickly. This
happens in downtown Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar, in this area increased rapidly due to population growth
there is a center of government, education center and economic center, and the development of supporting
services for tourism. This agrees with the results of research Subadiyasa et al. 2010 which states that a
conversion has occurred over the land or an average of 100 ha per year.
According Rahmadi 2008, a good watershed management is the management that takes into account
various aspects related, whether social, economic, and physical. From the physical aspects need to monitor
changes in land use so as to control the water flow changes and minimize damage to land because land use
is not in accordance with its carrying capacity.
The importance of watershed areas upstream, namely protected forest area in Kintamani and Petang to
consider, because of damage to the upstream region will cause more losses in the middle and downstream of the
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economic and socio-cultural aspects. To maintain that it is necessary to apply the local wisdom that comes from
Hinduism philosophy of Tri Hita Karana. In essence calls for harmony and harmonious relationship between
human and God Parhayangan, the relationship between humans Pawongan, and the relationship
between humans and the environment Palemahan in achieving welfare and unseen Windia, 2006.
The calculation result of land use changes in the upstream watershed Ayung of citrus plants monokutur
to intercropping orange + gumitir flower + elephant grass strip, the amount of erosion and farmers income
can be seen Table 4.4
Table 4.4 Effect of Land Use Pattern on Erosion and Revenue Farmers
in the Ayung Watershed
No Land use patterns
R K
LS CP
Erosion t ha
-1
th
-1
Edp t ha
-1
th
-1
Farmer Income
Rpth 1
Orange 2764,8 0,29
3,26 0,07 182,97
57,00 37.500.000
2 Orange + Elephant Grass
2764,8 0,29 3,26
0,02 52,27 57,00
38.500.000 3
Orange + gumitir flower + elephant grass
2764,8 0,29 3,26 0,003
7,84 57,00
39.880.000
Sumber : The result of analysis
Results of the analysis of Table 4.4, the pattern of land use than monoculture cropping citrus orange-
gumitir flower and crop terraces amplifier elephant grass cause erosion decreased from 182.97 t ha
-1
th
-1
to 7.84 t ha
-1
th
-1
occurs a decrease of 175.13 t ha
-1
th
-1
96. Erosion caused declines have followed the pattern of land use conservation principles that
intercropping orange with gumitir flowers and elephant grass strip led to the addition of plant density. This
causes the rainwater that fell not directly on the ground
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so that the kinetic energy of the rain can be muted by the plant canopy, erosion can be minimized.
Citrus farmers income in monoculture with oranges result an average of 3 tonnes per ha per year at
a price of oranges during the research Rp 12,500 per kg, the results obtained from the sale of oranges is Rp
37,500. 000, -. Farmers income from the sale of citrus with elephant grass with an average income of 3 tonnes
per ha per year at a price of oranges Rp 12,500, - and the proceeds from the sale of elephant grass on average
Rp. 1,000,000 per year the farmer idea entirely Rp 38.500.000,-. Income farmers intercropped plant, the
proceeds of citrus, grass and gumitir flowers is Rp. 39.880.000,-, revenues increased by Rp 2.380.000 on
revenue of Rp 37,500,000, - to Rp 39.880.000,- 6. This is due to the revenue generated from the results of
oranges not only, but also come from the sales proceeds gumitir flowers and grass. Intercropping land use
economically and environmentally positive impacts, because the rate of erosion can be minimized. That is
cultivated citrus commodities should follow the rules of soil and water conservation, for sustainable agriculture.
4.6 Novelty of Research
