According to core competences and basic competences in the Curriculum 2013, there are three written language that will be used in
this research, they are: letters, cards, and messages.
j. Reading Comprehension Skill and Writing Stages
According to Johnson 2008: 110, comprehension skills are strategies readers use to find information and construct meaning from
expository text. They are described as follows: 1.
Pre-reading It is used to preview the structure of the text to be read or to link
new information to knowledge that readers may already know. There are three steps in the pre-reading: previewoverview, web
and brainstorm, and outline and brainstorm. 2.
During-reading It is used to check comprehension, to evaluate ideas from each
paragraph, and to begin toorganizing ideas within the structure of the text as students are reading. There are two steps in this
comprehension skill: paragraph re-read and read and pause. 3.
Post-reading It is used to reconstruct important ideas, arrange those ideas, and
evaluate those ideas after reading a chapter or an article. There are two steps in post-reading: article read and webbing and outlining.
Alyousef 2006 also proposes three stages in learning reading process, they are:
1. Pre-reading activities: Zhang 1993 in Alyousef 2006 states that
pre-reading activity is an important stage in the development of reading.
2. Whilst reading: in this stage, students should be guided to
communicate the text by using their knowledge. 3.
Post-reading: in this stage, the activities should improve the learning comprehension. The implementation of the developed
materials is providing students with good comprehensive questions about certain topics.
On the other hand, according to Spratt, et.al 2005: 27, there are some stages of writing process. They are: brainstorming thinking of
everything we can about the topic, making tones, planning organizing our ideas, writing a draft a piece of writing that is not yet finished, and
may be changed, editing correcting and improving the text, producing another draft, and proof-reading checking for mistakes in
accuracy or editing again. In addition, Graves 1983 in Johnson 2008: 179 proposes five steps in writing process, they are: step 1: pre-
writing, step 2: drafting, step 3: revising, step 4: editing, and step 5: publishing and sharing.
k. Types of Classroom Writing Performance
