2. Extensive reading is carried out to achieve a general understanding
of longer text book, long article, essay, etc.. Most extensive reading is performed outside of class time.
g. Principles for Teaching Reading Skills
Brown 2007: 373-376 proposes 8 principles for teaching reading skills, they are:
1. In an integrated course, do not view a specific focus on reading
skills. 2.
Use techniques that can intrinsically motivating. 3.
Balance authenticity and readability in deciding texts. 4.
Encourage reading strategies’ development. 5.
Include bottom-up and top-down techniques. 6.
Follow the SQ3R Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review sequences.
7. Plan on pre-reading, during-reading, and after-reading stages.
8. Build an assessment aspect in the techniques used.
h. Definition of Writing
Writing is a skill that produces language from the mind by creating text. It needs a good communication to link the model with the idea in
the mind into a good text. According to Spratt, et.al 2005: 26, Writing involves producing language rather than receiving it. It
involves communicating in a message something to say by making signs on a page. To write we need a message and someone
to communicate it to. We also need to be able to form letters and words, and to join these together to make words, sentences or a
series of sentences that link together to communicate that message.
It can be concluded that not only needs a good model and idea, but writing also needs to link them together from the letters, words, and
sentences.
i. Types of Written Language
According to Brown 2007: 362, there are many types of written language. Here are the list of them:
Table 2.3. Types of Written Language Brown, 2007 No
Types of Written Language
1. non-fiction: reports, editorials, essays, articles, reference
dictionaries, etc. 2.
fiction: novels, short stories, jokes, drama, poetry 3.
letters: personal, business 4.
greeting cards 5.
diaries, journals 6.
memos e.g. interoffice memos 7.
messages e.g. phone messages 8.
announcements 9.
newspaper “journalese”
10. academic writing: short-answer test responses, reports, papers,
theses, books 11.
forms, applications 12.
questionnaires 13.
directions 14.
labels 15.
signs 16.
recipes 17.
bills and other financial statements 18.
maps 19.
manuals 20.
menus 21.
schedules e.g. transportation tables 22.
advertisements: commercial, personal 23.
invitations 24.
directories: e.g. telephone, yellow pages 25.
comic strips, cartoons
According to core competences and basic competences in the Curriculum 2013, there are three written language that will be used in
this research, they are: letters, cards, and messages.
j. Reading Comprehension Skill and Writing Stages
