of which are arranged into some coherent programs. The interactive component refers to the process of giving the user to control the
environment by a computer Phillips, 1997, in Mishra Sharma, 2005: vii.
Referring to some theories above, it can be concluded that interactive multimedia is a set of digital system using multiple media in
creating the learning environment by the presence of text, picture, sound, animation, and video which leads to a better teaching-learning
environment.
c. The Impact of Interactive Multimedia on Learning:
Collins, et.al. 1997: 22 propose some impacts of interactive multimedia on learning, they are:
1. Extended access: learners are provided access to information and
ideas beyond the normal range of classroom materials. 2.
Enjoyment and engagement: learners enjoy using interactive media. The increased enjoyment is coming
from the ‘audio-visual stimulus’ and the ‘active nature of their involvement’. They are
also employed by it, and they pay attention to it for longer than printed resources, thus making it potentially capable of providing
‘complex conceptual learning’. 3.
Control, autonomy, and responsibility: the interactive media involved gives learners
more ‘user-control’ and a sense of ‘taking
responsibility for their own learning’. It allows them to explore and
find information for themselves.
d. Interactive Multimedia in the Teaching-Learning Process
Interactive multimedia has many advantages for the students and teachers. Smaldino, et.al. 2005: 148 propose 5 advantages of using
interactive multimedia in the teaching-learning process, they are described below:
1. Multiple Media
Text, audio, graphic, and picture can be combined in one easy-to- use system.
2. Learner Participation
The materials in the teaching-learning process help to maintain students’ attention.
3. Individualization
Individualization is provided because it allows instructions on improvement as well as enrichment levels.
4. Flexibility
The learners can choose what to study from the menu selecting those parts that seem interesting, that seem most logically to answer
a question, or that present the biggest challenge for them. 5.
Simulations Interactive multimedia can be used to provide simulation
experiences and difficult materials.
In addition, Caincross and Mannion 2001: 158 present advantages in using interactive multimedia in teaching-learning
process. They are: 1.
Multiple media: interactive learning multimedia can provide multiple media that can accommodate different kinds of students
’ learning style.
2. Delivery control: users can decide which sections they want to
visit. They can explore the application, concentrate on the materials they are unfamiliar with or are particularly interested in and skip
over materials they already know. 3.
Access routes: there are a number of navigation parts available. One example is a hierarchical-based menu system where learners
can either work through the sections orderly using hyperlinks to explore areas of interest or go straight to a certain page.
4. Individual preference: Learners can differ in the way in which they
prefer to deal with information. 5.
Interactivity: The key here designs learning activities which cognitively employ the learner that causes them to think about the
materials presented, their meaning, their relevance, how they can be applied and in what contexts.
Khoo 1994 also summarizes some advantages of using the interactive multimedia in the classroom. They are described in the
following pages:
1. Reduced learning time
Interactive multimedia can reduce time up to 60 over traditional classroom method. It can be an attribute to the immediate
interaction and constant feedback which provides great reinforcement of concepts and contents.
2. Reduced cost
The cost of interactive multimedia is in the design and production. When the program is used by many students, the cost per student
is reduced. 3.
Instructional consistency and fairness Instructional quality and quantity are not compromised as
technology based on interactive instruction which is consistent and reliable.
4. Increased retention
The interactive approach provides a good learning reinforcement and increases content retention over time.
5. Mastery of learning
A good interactive multimedia can ensure the learning of the prerequisities by the learners before continuing to a new content.
This provides a strong foundation for continued learning and helps to achieve the learning.
6. Increased motivation
Direct feedback and personal control over the content provided by an interactive multimedia has proven to motivate the learners.
7. More interactive learning
It can help learners to have more responsibility and better control over their learning and develop more interest to try new knowledge.
8. Increased safety
Interactive multimedia allows the safe study of dangerous phenomena such as dangerous scientific experiments or natural
disasters like volcanic eruptions or earthquake by the learners. 9.
Privacy individual learning style It allows for one to one learning and provides to different learning
styles of learners. The freedom to ask questions and the involvement of each individual learners can motivate them and
reduce the possible of distraction. 10.
Flexibility It comes from the ability to navigate by using keyboard, mouse or
touch screen through an interactive program. Learners can choose what and how much information they want and when they want it.
Moreover, Zhu 2010: 68 mentions five advantages of using multimedia in the classroom. First, it can increase the number of
information, save time, and improve class efficiency. Second, it enables students to get feedback directly, to know about their learning results
and to adjust their learning steps. Third, teachers can integrate materials and present them with a variety of information under the help of
multimedia. Fourth, it helps to develop students’ associative thinking.
Fifth, it provides an idea for the communication between teachers and students as well as students and students.
From all the advantages of the interactive multimedia in the teaching and learning stated above, it can be concluded that to use the
interactive multimedia effectively for reading and writing in the classroom, it should be interesting; it should increase motivation of the
students; it can increase information volume; it can integrate the materials; and it should help students to develop their thinking.
On the other hand, CEMCA 2003: 5 states some disadvantages of using interactive multimedia. Using interactive multimedia requires
high-end computer system, it is inaccesible to a large amount of learners, it spends much cost and time to make, it requires a special
software, and it requires a training for the teachers.
e. Criteria of Interactive Multimedia
