Lalo noun phrase structure

• N + QP + ‘thisthese’ • ‘thisthese’ + genitive particle+ N + QP • N + QP + ‘thisthese’ + genitive particle • N + ‘thisthese’ + genitive particle + QP • N + ‘thisthese’ + QP • ‘thisthese’ + genitive particle + QP • ‘thisthese’ + QP Extentive nuclei characterize the “size, location, quantity, sameness or difference, wholeness or partiality” of nouns Matisoff 1973:117. All are limited nouns and cannot occupy the initial position of an NP nucleus Matisoff 1973:130. There are four subclasses: 1. Extentives of amount, size, length, and distance a. As much as N , as big as N , as long as N , and as far as N b. N + thisthese + extentive Matisoff 1973:117–124 2. Diminutive extentives of amount, size, length, and distance a. As few as N , as small as N , as short as N , and as close as N b. N + thisthese + extentive Matisoff 1973:127–130 3. Extentives expressing “more than N ” and “all N considered individually” with the structure N + extentive Matisoff 1973:130–133 4. Extentives meaning ‘likeas N ’, ‘just like N ’, ‘up to N ’, ‘all N as a single entityeverything’, also with the structure N +extentive Extentive particles in the first subclass of extentive nuclei can be reduplicated Matisoff 1973:123, and can occur with quantified NP nuclei of various structures. Extentive particles of the third and fourth subclasses of extentive nuclei may follow not only natural nouns, but also clauses that have been nominalized by the genitive particle Matisoff 1973:132, 136–140. Example of extentive nuclei of the first subclass: distance 26 Cî-mày f ɨ Chiangmai distance ‘the distance to Chiangmai’ Example of the second subclass: diminutive 27 chi h �́-ɛ̀ ve há-p ɨ-šɛ́n this small-amount of jewel ‘such a tiny jewel’ Example of the fourth subclass: ‘like N ’ 28 Cî-mày f ɨ qh ɛ Chiangmai distance like ‘about the distance to Chiangmai’ Matisoff 1973:129

2.2.3 Lalo noun phrase structure

There are nine possible slots in an NP in Lalo, as given in the schematic below Björverud 1998:117. Table 2. Slots possible in an NP in Lalo Slot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Phrasal relativizer Noun specifier genitive NP head Adjective modifier Phrasal relativizer Deter- miner Numeral Noun Classifier Noun particle accusative or locative Lexeme: má ɣə̀ má 1. The relativizer Björverud calls it a “phrasal specifier” introduces a relative clause. In the first slot, it is followed by a comma pause. It is more usual in the fifth slot Björverud 1998:123. 2. The possessive lexeme ɣə̀ is obligatory after personal pronouns to make them possessive pronouns, except when indicating kinship relations Björverud 1998:123. With nested genitives ɣə̀ ‘the mother’s father’s cousin’ is only used once, before the head of the NP Björverud 1998:122. 3. The head of the NP may be a noun or pronoun. If a noun, it may be compound Björverud 1998:117. 4. Adjectives are usually used as predicates and not attributively, so this slot is generally left unoccupied Björverud 1998:118. 5. Slots 6–8 together make up the quantification of the head. 6. Lalo only has two determiners, ‘this’ and ‘that’. Björverud 1998:67. 7. Lalo has eleven numbers, ‘1’–‘11’, and noun classifiers for ‘100’ and ‘1000’. Numerals must be followed by a classifier Björverud 1998:67–68. 8. There are only seven unit classifiers songpoem, same-gender siblings, mixed-gender siblings, people, some, and two nonspecific classifiers, and an open class of measurecontainer classifiers. There are also six adverbial noun classifiers, for adverbial expressions such as ‘twice’, ‘a while’, and ‘mouthfuls’ Björverud 1998:69. 9. There are four noun particles that mark location or predication Björverud 1998:124–132. The subject may be topicalized by one of two clause particles, which allows the insertion of a comma pause Björverud 1998:132. 29 Ánízà má u dì guq child TOP 3 PL OBJ PRED afraid ‘The children feared her.’Björverud 1998:127

2.2.4 Nuosu noun phrase structure