2.5.1 Level Shift
This shiftoccurs whenSLatonelinguisticlevelhas aTL translation equivalent at differentlevel. It meansthat a grammatical unit in Englishsuch asnoun, verb, affixes,
etc., haslexical unitin Bahasa Indonesian. The examples:
SL: She is walking alone. TL: Dia sedang berjalan
2.5.2 Category Shift
sendirian. In the examples above, we can see that grammer “To be + V-ing” bound morpheme
is translated into “sudah” unbound morpheme a lexis in Bahasa Indonesia.
This shift occurs in unbounded and rank-bound translation. Rank-bound translation refers to particular cases where equivalence is intentionally limited to
rank below the sentences. Meanwhile, unbounded translation means the translation equivalence may take place in any appropriate rank whether it is a sentence, clause,
phrase group, word or morpheme. Halliday 1985 in Machali 1998: 13 devided five units representing ranks in
English, they are sentence, clause, phrase group, word and morpheme.
1. Sentence
Sentence is a series of words in connected speech or writing, forming the grammatically complete expression of a single thought. Sentence is regarded as the
highest unit in the hierarchy of language unit, because in a sentence contains clause, phrase, word, and morpheme.
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Based on the type, sentence can be divided into: a. Simple Sentences
Such sentences have only one full predication in the form of an independent clause. Example: The man stole jewelry.
b. Compound Sentences Such sentences have two or more full predications in the form of independent clause.
Example: The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home. c. Complex Sentence
Such sentences also have two or more full predications. One of these is an independent clause main clause that is to the form of the simple sentence, and also
or more of these are dependent clauses subordinate clause Example: The man who stole jewelry hid it in his home.
d. Compound-complex sentence Compound-comples sentences contain two or more independent clauses and one or
more dependent clauses. Example: The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home until he could safely get
out of town.
2. Clause
Clause is a group of words that forms part of a sentence and has a subject and a predicate. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent.
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself, while dependent clause does not
express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by itself, it is usually begun with subordinator such as when, while, if etc. Based on the function in
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the sentence, dependent clause can be divided into noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause.
3. Phrase
Phrase is a group of words that lacks either a subject or a predicate or both. A phrase does not contain a finite verb and does not have a subject predicate structure,
for example smart boy, expensive new car, etc. There are five kinds of phrase: noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase.
a. Noun Phrase Noun phrase is a phrase composed of head and modifiers that the headword is a
noun. The function of noun phrase in a sentence is as subject, object and complement.
Examples: - He buys a red hat - He is an enginer
b. Adjectival Phrase Adjectival Phrase is a group of words that does the function of an adjective.
Examples: - Too hot - Very good
c. Adverbial Phrase Adverbial Phrase is a group of word that does the work of an adverb.
Examples: - Very fast - Rather slowly
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d. Prepositional Phrase Prepositional phrase is a group of words that contains no verb and that begin with
preposition and end with a noun of pronoun. Example: - After the seminar we have a party.
- A man with blonde hair. e. Verbal Phrase
Verbal phrase is a phrase that contains a verb part that function not as a verb, rather that as a noun or an adjective.
Examples: - We spent our holiday to visit Bali.
4. Word
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