4 Testing the Validity of Questionnaire
Before the questionnaire was administered to the respondents, it was pilot- tested to 22 English Education students from the ninth semester. The pilot test was
done in order to decide whether the items were valid or invalid, and whether the invalid ones
—if there are any—should be kept, revised, or removed. The validity test was done by using SPSS Statistics program and the result can be seen in
Appendix 3. The original questionnaire had 38 items see Appendix 2, but after the pilot
test, the final questionnaire turned out to contain 20 main items see Table 3.1 and Appendix 4. In scoring the questionnaire, the responses were coded. The
response Hampir Selalu has 5 points, Sering has 4 points, Kadang-kadang has 3 points, Jarang has 2 points, and Hampir Tidak Pernah has only 1 point. An
exception was made for item number 2: the response ―10‖ has points, ― – 10‖
has 4 points, ― – ‖ has 3 points, ―2 – 4‖ has 2 points, and ―≤1‖ has 1 point.
E. Data Collection Technique
In collecting the data of respondents’ listening skill, the document of
respondents’ Listening 4 scores were obtained from the administrator of Department of English Education See Appendix 6. In collecting the data of
respondents’ movie-watching activity, the respondents were asked to fill the questionnaire. Their responses were then calculated based on the coding See
Appendix 5.
F. Data Analysis Technique
This research is a correlational research which aims to find a relationship between two variables. The students’ movie-watching activity is the independent
variable x and the students’ listening skill is the dependent variable y. After the
scores from questionnaire and the scores from the Listening 4 final test were obtained, the normality and linearity of these data were tested by using SPSS
Statistics. It was done in order to decide the statistical procedure that would be
used. If the data distribution was normal and linear, then the analysis would use parametric procedure.
The normality of the data was checked by using SPSS Statistics program. The tests used were Kolgomirov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk. The steps are: Click
Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Explore. Put the variables on the Dependent
List box. Click Plots and check the Normality plots with tests. Click Continue and OK. If the index significance is more than 0.05, then the data distribution is
normal. The linearity of the data was also checked by using SPSS Statistics program.
The steps are: Click Analyze → Compare Means → Means. Put the dependent
variables Listening skill on the Dependent List box. Put the independent variables Movie-watching Activity on the Independent List box. Click Options
and check the Test for Linearity. Click Continue and OK. If the index significance is more than 0.05, then the data distribution is linear.
After being analyzed on SPSS, the data distribution was found to be normal and linear see Tables 4.5 and 4.6, so the statistical analysis would use parametric
procedure, which was Product Moment Correlation statistical procedure with the formula as follows:
∑ ∑ ∑ √[ ∑
∑ ][ ∑
∑ ]
In which: = the correlation coefficient
N = the number of respondents
X = the questionnaire scores
Y = the listening test scores
∑ = the sum of questionnaire scores multiplied by listening test scores ∑ = the sum of questionnaire scores
∑ = the sum of listening test scores ∑
= the sum of squared questionnaire scores ∑
= the sum of squared listening test scores
The degree of correlation is represented by correlation coefficient or r. The range of r is from
–1 ≤ r ≤ +1. If the value of r is close to 1, it means the correlation is strong. If the value of r is positive, that means the correlation is
positive: if the value of variable x increases, the value of variable y will also increase. Mean while, if the value of r is negative, that means the correlation is
negative: if the value of variable x increases, the value of variable y will decrease.
7
In interpreting the coefficient of correlation, the guidelines on Table 3.2 was used.
8
Table 3.2 Interpretations of Correlation
The correlation coefficient Interpretation
0,00 – 0,20
Very low correlation 0,20
– 0,40 Low correlation
0,40 – 0,70
Moderate correlation 0,70
– 0,90 High correlation
0,90 – 1,00
Very high correlation
G. Statistical Hypotheses
Hypotheses are needed in order to answer the research question and draw a conclusion for the research. The statistical hypotheses of this research are:
H :
H
1
:
In which: H
There is no relationship between students’ movie-watching activity and their listening skill
H
1
= There is a positive relationship between students’ movie-watching activity
and their listening skill
7
Anas Sudiyono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2005, pp. 180
– 187.
8
Ibid., p. 193.
To test the hypotheses, the correlation coefficient from the calculation will be compared to correlation coefficient from Product Moment table
. To find
, the degrees of freedom must be calculated using the following formula:
9
In which: = degrees of freedom
N = number of cases respondents
nr = number of variables
After the value of is calculated,
can be determined in 5 significance. The criteria for hypothesis testing are:
10
1 H
will be accepted if , which means that there is no relationship
between the two variables 2
H
1
will be accepted and H will be rejected if
, which means that there is a relationship between the two variables.
9
Ibid., p. 194.
10
Ibid., p. 195.
