Kemp’s Model Instructional Materials Design Models

13 Kemp’s instructional design model is illustrated Figure 2.1.

b. Yalden’s Model

The writer utilizes Yalden’s instructional model since its model provides clear stages on needs survey. This instructional model has been designed to identify the students’ needs in learning. Thus, improvement in learning outcome might be done. Yalden’s model emphasizes on communicative functions, which Goals, Topics, and General Purposes Learner Charac- teristics Learning Objectives Support Service Teaching Learning Activities, Resources Subject Content Pre- Assess ment Evaluation REVISE Figure 2.1. Kemps Instructional Design Model Kemp, 1977: 9 14 means to ensure the learners’ acquisition to communicate in more appropriate and efficient way Yalden, 1987: 86-87. Janice Yalden sets out eight stages in language program development, presented in Table 2.1. Table 2.1. Stages in Language Program Development by Yalden 1987: 89 Stage Description I Needs survey II Description of purpose to be prepared in terms of 1. student characteristics 2. student skills on entry to and on exit from the program III Selection or development of syllabus type in terms of IV and physical constraints on the program IV The proto-syllabus: description of language and language use to be covered in the program. V The pedagogical syllabus: development of teaching, learning and testing approaches. 1. development of teaching materials as far as possible 2. development of testing sequence and decisions on testing instruments VI a Development of classroom procedures: 1. selection of exercise types and teaching techniques 2. preparation of lesson plans 3. preparation of weekly schedules b Teacher training: briefings or workshops on 1. selection of exercise types and teaching techniques 2. desired outcome 3. exploitationcreation of teaching material VII Evaluation 1. of students 2. of program 3. of teaching VIII Recycling stage 1. congruence or ‘fit’ between goals set and student performance is determined 2. content is reassessed 3. materials and methodological procedures are revised