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Reference is the act of using language to refer to entities in the context Cutting, 2002:7. Entity is the object that is present in the real world. Entity is
something that we really refer to, and exists in the real world. This is not the matter of the name or how we call the object, but about the existence of the object
itself. This means that a reference is the expression of referring any object. According to Cutting 2002: 7 the referent is the entity being the referred
to. For example, if we have the sentence ‘How are you, Linda?’. From the
sentence, the word ‘you’ referred to Linda. It means that Linda is the referent of the deictic word ‘you’. Thus, a referent is someone or something the speaker
being referred to. There are two kinds of reference according to Cutting 2002: 9-10:
a. Endophora
Endophora is when the reference and the referent are mentioned in the
utterance. There are two kinds of endophoric reference:
i. Anaphora
Anaphoric reference is a reference that the referent occurs before the deixis.
For example, ‘Desy, could you please answer the phone?’ In the sentence, the
referent ‘Desy’ is mentioned before the deictic word is ‘you’. It means that the deictic word ‘you’ is an anaphoric reference since the speaker mentioned the
referent before the person deixis of the utterance. ii.
Cataphora
On the other hand, cataphoric reference is a reference that the referent
occurs after the deixis. For example, ‘They will explode in five minutes. It is
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because the grenades have certain explosive substances.’ The deictic word of the
utterance is ‘they’, and the referent ‘the grenades’ is clearly mentioned in the second sentence. This means that the reference is a cataphoric reference since the
referent is mentioned after the person deixis.
b. Exophora
Exophora is a reference that the referent does not appear or is not mentioned in the speaker’s utterance. They might be seen or shown from the context or the
speaker’s gestures. For example, a teacher said ‘Do it at home and submit it
tomorrow morning.’ The deictic word ‘it’ refers to a homework.
3. Inference
Inference is what thinking adds to what we know, read, or learn Silver, Dewing, Perini, 2012. The inference is the background knowledge of the
audience about the topic that the speaker is talking in the utterance of the movie. The audience’s understanding is very important for the moviemaker. This
importance has relationship with the story line understanding. Because by understanding the topic of what the characters are talking about, the audience is
able to relate and really understand the story of the movie.
4. The Three-Act Structure
The three-act structure is an old principle widely adhered to in storytelling today Moura, 2014. We can find this principle in plays, poetry, novels, comic
books, short stories, video games, and the movies. According to Moura 2014, the three-act structure is classified as: Act 1 setup, Act 2 Confrontation, and
Act 3 Resolution. People usually call them introduction, rising action, and
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falling action. The aim of the acts is to make sure that the story evolves and the stakes get higher. The description will be represented by the following graphic.
Moura 2014’s Three-Act Structure Illustration
C. Theoretical Framework
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the referent and the inference of person deixis found in the Kingsman: the Secret Service movie. To help the writer
to answer the problems formulation of this study, the writer takes some theories and makes them as the foundation of this study.
The first and second theories are the theories of deixis and person deixis. The theories run their important roles in this study. In the theory of deixis, deixis
is a referring expression to point to the referent in certain context. Otherwise, the theory person deixis defines person deixis as the personal pronouns used in
referring person. The third and last theories are the theories of reference and inference. In the
theory of reference, reference means a relation that holds between speakers more generally, locutionary agents and what they are talking about on particular
crisis
ACT I ACT II
ACT III
