Objectives of the Study Definition of Terms

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B. Review of Related Theories

1. Deixis

According to Yule 1996: 9, deixis is a form of referring that is tied to the speaker context. Cutting 2002: 7 states that deixis is known as the referring expression points to the referent in the context whether interlocutors can see it or not. The linguistic form that is used to accomplish this referring is called deictic expression. In the movie, there are a lot of deictic expression insertions. The deictic expression is related to the speaker’s context. The speaker may do some gestures or point to certain things to help the listener get the message of the speaker. In the Kingsman: The Secret Service movie, deictic words can be found frequently. Furthermore, we may met many deictic expression in daily spoken language. As the definition states, deictic words point to things in the physical-social context of the speaker and addressees and whose referents can only be determined by knowing the context in which they are used Kreidler, 1998: 144. Deixis includes the use of demonstratives, first and second pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs like now and here, and a variety of grammatical features tied directly to the circumstances of utterance Levinson, 1983: 54. Levinson’s statement is supported by Yule that he divides deixis into three categories: person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. They can be used to indicate people person deixis, location spatial deixis, or time temporal deixis, Yule, 1996: 9. Meanwhile, this study only focuses on the person deixis. 8

a. Person Deixis

This study only focuses on the personal pronoun or pronouns that refer to person. Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person ‘I’, second person ‘you’, and third person ‘he’, ’she’, or ’it’ Yule, 1996: 10. According to Cutting 2002: 7, person deixis is used to point to a person, with the personal pronouns ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘they’, ‘we’, ‘she’, ‘he’, or ‘it’. The example of person deixis are ‘Dora and Yuka go to school every morning. They go to school by bus.’ The word ‘they’ is included as person deixis, since it refers to a personal pronoun that represents ‘Dora and Yuka’.

i. Pronouns

A pronoun is used in place of a noun Azar, 1999: 32. Pronouns are classified into singular and plural pronouns. A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun. A plural pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun. Each of them is divided into four: subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive pronoun, and possessive adjective. The following table from Azar 1999 will show us the classification of personal pronouns: Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Possessive Adjective Singular I you she , he, it me you her , him, it mine yours hers , his, its my name your name her , his, its name Plural we you they us you them ours yours theirs our names your names their names 9 Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences. For example, ‘Amy has a bike. She bikes to work.’ The word ‘she’ refers to Amy, and it stands as a subject pronoun of the sentence since it is located as the subject of the sentence. Object pronouns are used as the object of verbs. For example, ‘Bella never skipped the class. I know her very well.’ The word ‘her’ refers to Bella, and it stands as the object pronouns of the sentence based on its function as the object of the verb in the sentence. Possessive pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun; they stand alone. For example, ‘That book is mine. Yours is over here.’ The words ‘mine’ and ‘yours’ represent the possession of the noun ‘book’. That kind of function does not need any following noun, that is why they stand as possessive pronouns of the sentence. Possessive adjectives are followed immediately by a noun; they do not stand alone. For example, ‘Your pencil is here. Her pencil is over there.’ As the definition stated, the possessive adjectives of the sentence are the words ‘your’ and ‘her’. We call them possessive adjectives by the fact that a noun ‘pencil’ follows them, they do not stand alone. ii. Vocatives A vocative is a subclass of proper nouns that has another function, which is to call or indicate the person or thing that is addressed by their name. In English, people do this by merely calling the name of the person. Compared to reference, this function is a bit different.