a. Structural Method
The structural strategy is the strategy that relates with sentence structure. It is categorized into three strategies. There are addition, subtraction, and
transposition. Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 67-69
i. Addition
The strategy is used to add some words to adjust the sentence structure in TL. It is needed to make the structure in TL is accepted by the reader. As the
result, this strategy is not the optional, but it is a must. The example can be seen as follows:
SL: Ayahku dokter. TL: My father is a doctor.
The word is and a must be added to make the structure in TL to be accepted.
ii. Subtraction
Subtraction is the omitting of structure element in the TL. The example can be seen as follows:
SL: My father is a doctor TL: Ayahku dokter
Based on the example above, the stucture element is and a in SL are omitted in TL.
iii. Transposition
Transposition is the translation strategy which changes the sentence structure from SL to TL in order to get the same meaning. The changes can be
occured from singular to plural, adjectives phrase, and whole sentence. SL : Musical instruments can be divided into two groups.
TL : Alat musik bisa dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dasar. According to the example, the transposition occurs in the word instruments and
alat. The word instruments plural is translated into alat single Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 68-69.
b. Semantic Method
The semantic strategy is the strategy that considers to the meaning. This strategy can be applied in the word, phrase, or sentence. There are nine strategies
that are included into semantic strategy. They are borrowing, omission, expansion and reduction, cultural equivalence, addition, modulation, descriptive equivalence,
synonym, official translation Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 70-76.
i. Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation strategy to keep the origin word from SL then used in the TL. The main reason of this translation strategy is that does not have
equivalence between SL and TL. There are two steps of borrowing. They are transliteration and naturalization.
The first step is transliteration. It is a translation strategy that keeps the SL word in its origin. The second step is naturalization. It is the next step after
transliteration. Naturalization adjusts the word‟s sound and spelling into the TL.
Table 1. The Example of Transliteration and Naturalization SL
Transliteration Naturalization
Mall Mall
Mol
ii. Omission
Omission means deletion of word of the SL text in the TL text. The word in SL is not translated in the TL. It occurs because certain element in SL is not
really necessary to be translated. The example can be seen as follows: SL:
“Sama dengan raden ayu ibunya,” katanya lirih. TL:
“Just like her mother,” she whispered. Based on the example above, there is an omission in the word raden ayu
and only translated into like her mother Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 75.
iii. Expansion and Reduction
Expansion is a translation strategy that expands the TL component word. For instance, the word Whale is translated into Ikan Paus in Indonesia. The word
ikan is important. If it is not added, it will make a different meaning. The meaning will be changed become the pope. Meanwhile, reduction is the opposite of
expansion. Reduction means reducing the SL word component. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iv. Cultural Equivalence
Cultural equivalence is a strategy that considers the SL and TL culture. It aims to avoid the missunderstanding between SL and TL. By using this strategy,
the translator translates the SL cultural word with the TL cultural word. The example can be seen as follows:
SL: Nasi sudah menjadi bubur TL:
Don’t carry over spilt milk.
v. Addition This strategy is different with the structural strategy. In this strategy, the
translator gives an additional information to more emphasize the message in TL. It can be found in the text, at the end of the text, or at the bottom of the text
footnote.
vi. Modulation
Modulation is the strategy which is used for translating phrase, clause, or sentence by changing the point of view. The change occurs when the literal
translation does not transfer a message properly. The example can be seen as follows:
SL: I broke my leg. TL: Kaki saya patah.
The translator takes a point of view from the object kaki. The translator does not focus on the subject saya.
vii. Descriptive Equivalence
Descriptive equivalence is the strategy that is used to describe the SL word based on its meaning and function. For the example is gado-gado. In English,
gado-gado is described as the food that contains some vegetables mixed with peanut sauce.
viii. Synonym
The strategy that is used when TL words does not have more or less the same meaning with SL words. The example can be seen as follows:
SL: What a cute baby you’ve got
TL: Alangkah lucunya bayi anda According to the example above, the word cute is translated into lucu. Cute
means an attractive child and lucu means child who is attracting people to get their attention. They are included synonym because both of them have a meaning as an
attractive child to get someone attention Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 73- 74.
ix. Official Translation
Official translation is the strategy that used for formal translation. When translator translates a text from another language to Bahasa Indonesia, the
translator needs to have a manual book “Pedoman Pengindonesiaan Nama dan
Kata Asing” published by Pusat Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Depdikbud R I. For instance, read-only memory is translated into memory simpan
tetap Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 74 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. Theories of Equivalence
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