other hand, if it is the target language that lacks a category, the change can take the form of omission.
4. Textual equivalence when referring to the equivalence between a SL text
and a TL text in terms of thematic and information structure.She also adds the discussion in this section about cohesion.
5. Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicaturs and strategies of
avoidance during the translation process.
The study of proper principle of translation is termed as translation theory. This theory, based on a solid foundation on understanding of how languages
work, translation theory recognizes that different languages encode meaning in differing forms, yet guides translators to find appropriate ways of preserving
meaning, while using the most appropriate forms of each language. Translation theory includes principles for translating figurative language, dealing with lexical
mismatches, rhetorical questions, inclusion of cohesion markers, and many other topics crucial to good translation. Basically there are two competing theories of
translation. In one, the predominant purpose is to express as exactly as possible the full force and meaning of every word and turn of phrase in the original, and in
the other the predominant purpose is to produce a result that does not read like a translation at all, but rather moves in its new dress with the same ease as in its
native rendering. In the hands of a good translator neither of these two approaches can ever be entirely ignored.
Conventionally, it is suggested that in order to perform their job successfully, translators should meet three important requirements; they should be familiar
with:
a. The source language b. The target language
c. The subject matter Based on this premise, the translator discovers the meaning behind the
forms in the source language and does his best to produce the same meaning in the target language
– using the forms and structures of the target language. Consequently, what is supposed to change is the form and the code and what
should remain unchanged is the meaning and the message. Larson, 1984 From the definition above, it can be inferred that language consists of
words. Consequently, to be able to use the language approximately, learners should master the words of the language. Having mastered a large number of
words, they will likely to be able to express their ideas in the language appropriately.
2. Translation Strategy The process of translation, this strategy focused in the meaning of
sentences, idioms and phrases, it is regarded as the problems of translation. The translator to pay attention with hisher translation strategy is imperative for them
also it can help the translator to translate the language into another language.
Translation strategy is one of translators guide for translating words, phrases, or a sentence Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 67
G. Definition of Expression
According to the Cambridge Dictionary it is the act of saying what you think or showing how you feel using words or actions and a word or group of
words used in a particular situation or by particular people.
H. Definition of Translation Strategy
The word strategy is used in many contexts. In translation studies many theorists have used the term translation strategies widely but with some
considerable differences in the meaning and the perspective from which they look at it. A list of more general definitions of the word strategy is given below:
A strategy is a long-term plan of actions designed to achieve a particular goal
A systematic plan, consciously adapted and mentioned, to improve ones learning performance Instruction Curriculum Reading Glossary, n. d..
A strategy is a planned, deliberate, goal-oriented has an identifiable outcome procedure achieved with a sequence of steps subject to
monitoring and modification Curriculum Learning Literate-Futures Glossary, n. d..
A set of explicit mental and behavioral steps used to achieve a specific outcome Deep Trance, n.d..
Clearly, these definitions are general and can be related to different fields of study. This study mainly concerns translation strategies, although the above-
mentioned definitions can be narrowed down to this research field, as well. Translation strategies have their own characteristics, through which one can gain
an appropriate understanding of them. Generally speaking, a translator uses a strategy when she encounters a problem
while translating a text; this means, when a translator translates a text literally, translation strategies may not be needed. Bergen n. d. mentions that strategies
are not obvious and trivial. Although, when they translate word for word and use a dictionary, beginners in the area of translation think they have made a good
translation; they do not understand that a problem still exists and changes must be made at some levels of the translation. Therefore, problem-solving is the most
important function of the strategies. However, the question that arises here is: what is a translation problem?
Translation problems According to Dr. Miremadi 1991, translation problems are divided into two
main categories: lexical problems and syntactic problems. 1. Lexical problems
In the interpretation of lexical problems, Miremadi states that, although words are entities that refer to objects or concepts, a word in one language may not be
substituted with a word in another language when referring to the same concepts or objects.
He divides lexical problems into five subcategories: Straight denotative meaning
This kind of meaning refers to those words of the source text that can be matched with those of the target text without missing images e.g. mother, father, etc.
Lexical meaning Lexical meaning refers to words or phrases which seem to be equivalen, although
in that situation this may not be the case; the translator must be aware of the intention beyond the words in order not to misrepresent the authors message.
Metaphorical expression This subcategory refers to the problematic issues of translating idioms and similar
expressions. Broeik 1981 quoted by Dr. Miremadi 1991 offers the following suggestions for
translating idiomatic expressions: a Distinguishing between ordinary expressions and metaphors
b Having access to the resources of translating a single metaphor c Being aware of different contexts and their constraints on using metaphors
d Correctly realizing the constraints on the translation, and rendering the message.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this part the writer will explain how the theories above will be used in this study.
