Principles of Learning Activities

18 1 Positive Interdependence Each member of the group needs to divide tasks according to the purpose of the group. That task must be adjusted to the capabilities of each member of the group. Group tasks cannot be completed if there are members who do not get it done and to make another member that is helping the members to complete. 2 Individual Accountability Each member of the group should have the responsibility in accordance with his duties. Each member must give the best for the success of the group so as to achieve the goals set before. 3 Face to Face Promotion Interaction Face-to-face interaction will give valuable experience to any member of the group to work together, appreciate any differences, harnessing the advantages of each member, and fill in the deficiencies of each member. 4 Participation and Communication Cooperative learning is able to train students to actively participate and communicate. The skill of communicating does require time and students may not be able to master it within an instant. So teachers should continue to train until eventually the student has the ability to be a good communicator. The main concept of cooperative learning, according to Slavin 2005: 26-27 are as follows: 19 1 Awards group, which will be given if the group reaches the criteria required. 2 Individual responsibility, meaning that the success of the group depends on the individual learning of all group members. This responsibility is focused in an attempt to help others and make sure every member of the group was prepared to face the end evaluation of the learning process without the help of the other members. 3 Equal opportunity for success, meaning that students have helped the group by way of improving their own learning. This ensures that students are capable of high, medium and low alike are challenged to do their best and the contribution of all members of the group is highly valued.

d. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cooperative Learning

According to Sanjaya 2013: 249-251 the advantages of cooperative learning, as follows: 1 Through cooperative learning, students are not too dependent on the teacher, but can add to the trusts ability to think on hisher own, find the information from various sources and learn from other students. 2 Cooperative learning developed the ability of expressing an idea with the words verbally and compare it with other ideas. 3 Cooperative learning can help children to respect others and realize all their limitations and will accept all differences. 4 Help empower every student to be more accountable in learning. 20 5 Cooperative learning strategies that powerful enough to improve academic achievement and also social capabilities, including developing a sense of self-esteem, positive interpersonal relations with others, develop skills to manage time and a positive attitude toward school. 6 Can develop students ability to test his own understanding, ideas and receive feedback. 7 Improving students ability to use information and the ability to learn abstract became real. 8 Increases the motivation and provide the stimulus to think. Disadvantages of Cooperative Learning as follows: 1 Cooperative learning takes time for climate adjustments to the students to work together. 2 Main characteristics of cooperative learning is student share the learning each other so without peer teaching an effective lesson that should be learned and understood the students never achieved. 3 Assessment is given based on the results of the group work. 4 Success in efforts to develop awareness of the group requires a fairly long period of time. 5 Work together is an important capability for students, but many activities in life that only based on individual ability.

e. Models of Cooperative Learning 1 Student Team Achievement Divisions STAD