59
V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Kesimpulan
Perbedaan nilai CN proses pengomposan mempengaruhi laju degradasi profenofos. Residu pro fenofos pada K1, K2, CN 40, CN 35 dan CN 30 berturut-
turut mengalami penurunan konsentrasi selama 28 hari adalah sebagai berikut; 48, 74, 89 88 dan 98. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan
bahwa perlakuan CN 30 pada proses pengomposan mampu medegradasi profenofos paling tinggi.
Hasil pengujian pertumbuhan tanaman pada tanah pasca bioremediasi dapat meningkatkan biomassa hasil panen di lahan tersebut. Biomassa bayam Jepang
Horingso sebagai tanaman uji yang ditanam pada lahan yang sudah dibioremediasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan biomassa di lahan petani yang
belum dibioremediasi. Berdasarkan hasil isolasi pada media NA diperoleh 7 jenis bakteri yang
diberi inisial a, b, c, d, e, f dan g. Bakteri yang mampu mendegradsi senyawa profenofos sebagai sumber karbon adalah isolat e, f dan g pada 1000 ppm.
5.2 Saran
1. Pemanfaatan biowaste dari lahan pertanian perlu dikembangkan di kalangan petani untuk meningkatakan hasil panen di lahan tersebut.
2. Perlu penelitian lanjutan secara in-situ sebelum diaplikasikan langsung ke petani.
3. Perlu mengidentifikasi semua jenis bakteri hasil isolasi dan melakukan studi lanjutan untuk menguji kemampuan 3 isolat bakteri e, f dan g dalam
mendegradasi profenofos secara monoculture dan mixculture sehingga dapat dib uktikan apakah terjadi co-metabolisme dalam proses degradasi profenofos
tesebut. 4. Perlu dilakukan identifikasi turunan hasil degradasi profenofos
5. Proses pengomposan dilakukan pada musim yang berbeda 6. Bioremediasi dilakukan pada lahan yang baru aplikasikan profenofos
63 Lampiran 1. Komposisi bahan-bahan pengomposan
CN 40
Ingredient Moisture
Carbon Nitrogen
Mass kg or lbs. T + SG
50.00 8.28
0.166 10.80
kotoran sapi 85.00
34.66 1.400
4.34 } Note:
sisa wortel 30.00
39.03 1.900
0.02 } these mas ses are solved for in
water 100.00
0.00 0.000
0.00 } some of the equations below.
Calculated mixture moisture content: 60.0 masses as specified
Calculated mixture CN ratio: 30.0 masses as specified
The required mass of the third material can be determined given characteristics, the masses of the first two, and goals: moisture goal:
60.0 set these goals to match your requirements CN ratio goal:
40.0
CN 35
Ingredient Moisture
Carbon Nitrogen
Mass kg or lbs. T + SG
50.00 8.28
0.166 10.80
kotoran sapi 85.00
34.66 1.400
4.55 } Note:
sisa wortel 30.00
39.03 1.900
0.19 } these masses are solved for in
water 100.00
0.00 0.000
0.00 } some of the equations below.
Calculated mixture moisture content: 60.0 masses as specified
Calculated mixture CN ratio: 30.0 masses as specified
The required mass of the third material can be determined given characteristics, the masses of the first two, and goals: moisture goal:
60.0 set these goals to match your requirements CN ratio goal:
35.0
CN 30
Ingredient Moisture
Carbon Nitrogen
Mass kg or lbs. T + SG
50.00 8.28
0.166 10.80
kotoran sapi 85.00
34.66 1.400
5.45 } Note:
sisa wortel 30.00
39.03 1.900
0.94 } these masses are solved for in
water 100.00
0.00 0.000
0.00 } some of the equations below.
Calculated mixture moisture content: 60.0 masses as specified
Calculated mixture CN rati o: 30.0 masses as specified
The required mass of the third material can be determined given characteristics, the masses of the first two, and goals: moisture goal:
60.0 set these goals to match your requirements CN ratio goal:
30.0
64 Lampiran 2. Campuran bahan -bahan pengomposan
CN T+SG Kg
KS Kg DW Kg
Total Kg 30
10.8 5.45
0.94 17.19
35 10.8
4.55 0.19
15.54 37
10.8 4.34
0.02 15.16
CN T+SG
KS DW
Total Total isi bak Kg
30 62.83
31.70 5.47
100 1000
35 69.50
29.28 1.22
100 1000
37 71.24
28.63 0.13
100 1000
CN T+SG Kg
KS Kg DW Kg
Total Kg 30
628.27 317.04
54.68 1000
35 694.98
292.79 12.23
1000 37
712.40 286.28
1.32 1000
Keterangan: T
: Tanah SG
: Serbuk Gergaji KS
: Kotoran Sapi DW
: Daun Wortel
65 Lampiran 3. Analisis residu profenofos pada hari ke-35
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Residu .006000
.0003394 2
.027300 .0009450
2 .033100
.0023729 2
.022133 .0128151
6 campuran
30 35
40 Total
Mean Std. Deviation
N
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Residu .001
a
2 .000
184.033 .001
.003 1
.003 1328.261
.000 .001
2 .000
184.033 .001
6.64E-006 3
2.21E-006 .004
6 .001
5 Source
Corrected Model Intercept
campuran Error
Total Corrected Total
Type II Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
R Squared = .992 Adjusted R Squared = .987 a.
Residu
2 .006000
2 .027300
2 .033100
campuran 30
35 40
Tukey B
a,b
N 1
2 3
Subset
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type II Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = 2.21E-006. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 2.000.
a. Alpha = .05.
b.
66 Lampiran 4. Analisis biomassa tanaman bayam Jepang di green hou se hari ke-17
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Biomassa 1.755925
.1643670 2
1.400950 .1533715
2 1.348600
.1753625 2
1.501825 .2356829
6 campuran
30 35
40 Total
Mean Std. Deviation
N
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Biomassa .196
a
2 .098
3.625 .158
13.533 1
13.533 499.421
.000 .196
2 .098
3.625 .158
.081 3
.027 13.811
6 .278
5 Source
Corrected Model Intercept
campuran Error
Total Corrected Total
Type II Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
R Squared = .707 Adjusted R Squared = .512 a.
Biomassa
2 1.348600
2 1.400950
2 1.755925
campuran 40
35 30
Tukey B
a,b
N 1
Subset
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type II Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = .027. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 2.000.
a. Alpha = .05.
b.
67 Lampiran 5. Analisis biomassa tanaman bayam Jepang di lapangan hari ke-40
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Biomassa 3.600000
.0000000 2
2.950000 .0141421
2 1.525000
.3889087 2
2.691667 .9651200
6 campuran
30 35
40 Total
Mean Std. Deviation
N
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Biomassa 4.506
a
2 2.253
44.627 .006
43.470 1
43.470 861.085
.000 4.506
2 2.253
44.627 .006
.151 3
.050 48.128
6 4.657
5 Source
Corrected Model Intercept
campuran Error
Total Corrected Total
Type II Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
R Squared = .967 Adjusted R Squared = .946 a.
Biomassa
2 1.525000
2 2.950000
2 3.600000
campuran 40
35 30
Tukey B
a,b
N 1
2 Subset
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type II Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = .050. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 2.000.
a. Alpha = .05.
b.
68 Lampiran 6. Analisis suhu tertinggi selama proses pengomposan
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Suhu 184.253
a
2 92.127
110.552 .002
6481.307 1
6481.307 7777.568
.000 184.253
2 92.127
110.552 .002
2.500 3
.833 6668.060
6 186.753
5 Source
Corrected Model Intercept
campuran Error
Total Corrected Total
Type II Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
R Squared = .987 Adjusted R Squared = .978 a.
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Suhu 40.300000
.4242641 2
31.300000 .5656854
2 27.000000
1.4142136 2
32.866667 6.1115192
6 campuran
30 35
40 Total
Mean Std. Deviation
N
69
Suhu
2 27.000000
2 31.300000
2 40.300000
campuran 40
35 30
Tukey B
a,b
N 1
2 3
Subset
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type II Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = .833. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 2.000.
a. Alpha = .05.
b.
Lampiran 7. Analisis pH akhir pengomposan
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: pH 7.290000
.0141421 2
7.380000 .0424264
2 7.465000
.0353553 2
7.378333 .0823205
6 campuran
30 35
40 Total
Mean Std. Deviation
N
70
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: pH .031
a
2 .015
14.138 .030
326.639 1
326.639 301512.8
.000 .031
2 .015
14.138 .030
.003 3
.001 326.673
6 .034
5 Source
Corrected Model Intercept
campuran Error
Total Corrected Total
Type II Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
R Squared = .904 Adjusted R Squared = .840 a.
pH
2 7.290000
2 7.380000
7.380000 2
7.465000 campuran
30 35
40 Tukey B
a,b
N 1
2 Subset
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type II Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = .001. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 2.000.
a. Alpha = .05.
b.
Lampiran 8. Analisis CN rasio akhir pengomposan
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: CN_rasio 18.000000
.0000000 2
29.000000 2.8284271
2 23.000000
1.4142136 2
23.333333 5.1251016
6 campuran
30 35
40 Total
Mean Std. Deviation
N
71
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: CN_rasio 121.333
a
2 60.667
18.200 .021
3266.667 1
3266.667 980.000
.000 121.333
2 60.667
18.200 .021
10.000 3
3.333 3398.000
6 131.333
5 Source
Corrected Model Intercept
campuran Error
Total Corrected Total
Type II Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
R Squared = .924 Adjusted R Squared = .873 a.
CN_rasio
2 18.000000
2 23.000000
23.000000 2
29.000000 campuran
30 40
35 Tukey B
a,b
N 1
2 Subset
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type II Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = 3.333. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 2.000.
a. Alpha = .05.
b.
Lampiran 9. Kurva satndar analisis aktivitas mikroba dengan spektofotometri pada
panjang gelombang λ
490 nm
Absorbansi FDA
I II
III rata-rata
0.0960 0.0963
0.0963 0.0962
0.1 0.1982
0.1986 0.1987
0.1985 0.2
0.2869 0.2885
0.2934 0.2896
0.3 0.3631
0.3633 0.3632
0.3632 0.5
0.5290 0.5293
0.5299 0.5294
1.0 0.7852
0.7859 0.7842
0.7851
72
1.5 0.9327
0.9331 0.9323
0.9327
Lampiran 10. Analisis Aktivitas mikroba dengan spektrofotometri pada panjang
gelombang λ
490 nm
y = 0.1401x - 0.104 R
2
= 0.959
0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
1
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.5
1.0 1.5
FDA absorban
A30
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
B30
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
A35
2 4
6
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
B35
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
A40
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
B40
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
K1
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
K2
2 4
6 8
7 14
21 28
35 hari ke-
volume FDA
73 Lampiran 11. Pengamatan Suhu Harian Selama Proses Pengomposan
K1 K2
A40 B40
A35 B35
A30 B30
Hari ke
T TL
T TL
T TL
T TL
T TL
T TL
T TL
T TL
1 1.0
23.8 23.4
23.0 23.4
22.9 23.4
23.4 2
20.7 25.0
25.0 25.3
24.6 27.6
24.6 23.0
3 22.4
26.3 26.6
25.1 28.1
28.4 34.2
28.8 4
21.9 27.4
27.7 26.0
28.4 29.9
35.0 33.5
5 21.8
27.4 26.9
24.7 29.9
29.9 38.3
34.9 6
20.6 27.7
27.7 24.2
30.4 30.9
38.4 37.6
7 20.9
28.4 28.0
24.8 30.9
31.2 39.9
39.8 8
20.5 29.0
27.9 24.9
30.6 31.7
40.0 40.6
9 20.5
29.1 27.5
24.6 30.7
31.5 38.0
39.0 10
20.5 29.1
27.5 24.6
30.7 31.5
38.0 38.0
11 20.3
28.8 27.1
24.4 30.5
31.1 36.6
36.5 12
19.8 21.0
25.7 21
27.1 21
25.8 20
29.9 21
29.6 20
30.4 21
29.9 20
13 20.3
20.1 25.3
20 27.2
20 23.9
20 29.8
20.5 29.1
20 30.6
20 30.0
19.6 14
19.6 24.0
25.5 24.8
27.3 25
25.4 25
29.9 26
30.1 27.6
31.4 27
30.3 27
15 19.9
23.9 23.8
24.9 26.2
26.6 24.4
24.5 28.2
24.5 28.2
24.5 27.9
24.7 28.4
23.8 16
20.1 24.4
24.1 25.3
25.4 24.6
24.3 25.7
27.4 25.3
27.8 25.9
28.7 25.7
27.8 25.8
17 19.9
26.5 24.4
26.3 27.4
26.8 24.3
26.4 27.9
27.9 27.1
27.4 27.4
27.1 25.7
24.8 18
20.2 25.3
25.3 24.6
25.9 23.5
23.7 24.6
26.8 23.9
26.7 24.9
27.4 25.3
27.4 24.8
19 20.3
25.6 23.9
26.1 27.4
25.8 23.9
23.8 24.8
25.9 29.4
25.8 29.9
25.6 29.0
23.5 20
19.9 22.4
23.9 22.4
26.7 22.8
25.4 23.5
28.4 22.8
27.4 23.1
29.8 25.9
29.0 23.8
21 20.3
23.2 24.8
22.3 27.3
22.8 24.2
22.7 28.2
22.7 28.4
22.9 29.4
22.9 28.3
22.4 22
20.3 24.1
24.6 24.3
27.2 23.3
25.1 22.1
26.2 22.7
27.9 23.4
28.9 22.9
27.9 22.2
23 22.3
25.6 26.7
25.7 24.6
25.4 24.2
25.9 27.4
25.9 27.3
25.8 28.6
25.3 26.3
25.8 24
22.3 24.6
24.6 22.7
25.8 22.6
23.9 24.9
27.3 22.9
27.4 22.6
28.2 23
29.0 22.8
25 20.9
23.6 24.8
23.4 25.6
23.6 23.2
22.2 27.5
23.3 26.4
23.1 27.9
23.1 27.0
22.6 26
20.5 24.1
24.7 24.9
26.1 24.9
24.9 21.9
27.4 24.5
28.4 24.9
27.3 24.9
27.1 21.3
27 19.5
22 24.6
22.2 25.8
22.2 24.4
22.3 27.3
20 25.7
20.1 27.4
22.2 26.0
22.3 28
20.3 21.8
24.4 20.6
25.8 20.9
25.9 20
27.4 20.4
25.9 20
25.3 20.3
24.2 19.9
29 23.4
20.8 25.3
23.4 26.4
22.6 26.0
19.0 25.0
23 24.5
22.1 23.9
20.8 24.5
21 30
22.5 19.0
24.0 19.0
25.6 19.0
26.0 20
25.0 20
25.0 20
24.0 20
24.0 20
31 20.0
20 24.5
20 25.3
20 24.5
20.0 25.0
20.0 23.0
20.0 24.0
20.0 24.8
20.0 32
21.0 20.0
23.0 20.0
25.0 20.0
24.0 19.5
24.6 19.5
24.0 19.5
23.8 19.5
24.0 19.5
33 20.0
19.5 20.0
19.5 23.6
19.5 24.8
20.0 24.0
20.0 22.9
20.0 23.1
20.0 23.7
20.0 34
20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0
21.0 20.0
21.0 20
23.0 20
21.0 20
22.0 20
22.9 20
35 20.0
20 20.0
20 22.0
20 21.0
20 22.0
20 22.0
20 22.0
20 21.0
20 Keterangan:
74
Konsentrasi profenofos ppm = tinggi peak sampel
tinggi peak standar x ppm standar x
pengenceran gram sampel
T : Suhu
TL : Suhu Luar
Lampiran 12. Prosedur Analisis Residu Profenofos
Analisis residu profenofos dilakukan dengan metode shaker yaitu dilakukan dengan cara; melarutkan 25 g sampel dengan 100 ml pelarut aseton ke
dalam labu bundar 300 ml. Larutan tersebur dishaker selama 20 menit dengan kecepatan 100 rpm. Larutan didiamkan di atas standar labu sampai terjadi
pemisahan antara sampel dan pelarut. Selanjutnya memipet pelarut dan difiltrasi dengan corong buchnert. Filtrat ditampung dalam labu bundar dan dievaporasi
sampai pelarut tersisa ± 1 ml, kemudian dilakukan pemurnian dengan melewatkan pada kolom kromatografi yang telah diisi oleh florisil dan sodium sulfat anhidrat.
Selanjutnya dielusi dengan pelarut n-heksan sebanyak 50 ml. Setelah selesai sampel dievaporasi lagi sampai tersisa ± 1 ml, kemudian labu dibilas dengan
aseton secara bertahap dan hasil bilasannya ditampung dengan tabung uji sampai diperoleh volume 10 ml dan sampel siap di analisis dengan menyuntikkan 2-5 µ l
sampel ke dalam gas kromatografi GC. Sebelum analisis sampel, dilakukan penyuntikan 2 -5 µl stand ar profenofos
ke dalam gas kromatografi GC. Konsentrasi profenofos ppm bb dihitung berdasarkan kromatogram yang dihasilkan dan dibandingkan dengan hasil
kromatogram standar berdasarkan rumus berikut:
75 Lampiran 13. Prosedur Analisis Mikro ba
a. Populasi Bakteri Total Plate CountTPC
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