APPENDIX 1
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL ORIENTATION
This chapter consists of three main sections including educational organizations, marketing management of an English course, and interest of
English course students.
A. Educational Organizations
This section will discuss about the nature of educational organizations, the types of educational organization and the reason of people join an organization.
1. The Nature of Educational Organizations
Before discussing educational organizations, it is better to see the definition of organization is. There are some experts that define the word
organizations. According to Gibson 2004: 6, an organization is a coordinated unit consisting of at least two people who function to achieve a common goal or a
set of goals. Gibson also writes that organizations are entities that enable society to pursue accomplishments that can not be achieved by individuals acting alone.
According to Hersey 1996: 364, organization is a group that has stated and formal goals. Organizations exist for various reasons and have different
organizational goals. Organizational goals are targets toward which input, process, and output are directed; for example, make a 10 percent return on investment, help
conquer hunger, or increase sales 20 percent during the current fiscal year. Hersey 1996: 365 also says that organization is two or more individuals who have stated
and formal goals.
9
APPENDIX 1
Lawrence and Lorsch in Cunningham and Corderio 2000: 122 describe organizations as the coordination of different activities of individual contributors
to carry out planned transactions with the environment. The organization is a structure within which individuals work to pursue identified goals and objectives.
While, According to philosopher of education
George F. Kneller in Wikipedia 2009, in its broad sense, education refers to any act or experience that
has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is the process by which society, through schools,
colleges, universities, and other institutions, deliberately transmits its cultural heritage - its accumulated knowledge, values, and skills--from one generation to
another. Wikipedia 2008 states that in educational psychology, educational
organization is an organization
within the scope of education
. It deals with the theory of organization as it applies to education of the human
mind . In
school reform
, educational organization is the way an educational system operates. Educational organization may also refer to
nonprofit agencies providing
educational services. There are the characteristics of an organization based on Winardi 2003:
15: a. An organization consists of many people.
b. There are some interactions involved between the members. c. The interaction can be explained based on specific structure.
d. Each organization has its own goal.
APPENDIX 1
2. The Types of Educational Organizations
Kategori