APPENDIX 1
2. The Types of Educational Organizations
a. Formal Organization
According to Undang-Undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003, formal education is a kind of structured and gradual education which consists of primary education,
high education and college. The types of education include common education, vocational, academic, profession, religion and specific education. The direction,
stages, and types of education can be realized into educational unit which are hold by the government, region government and the society.
According to International Labor Organization 2008, Formal Organization refers to Teaching-learning situations are formal when provided in
specialized institutions such as schools, vocational institutions, polytechnics, schools or institutions, colleges or universities, which exist solely for the purpose
of teaching a clientele according to a set pattern. The pattern consists of such elements as grades or classes, prescribed syllabuses and time- tables,
examinations, academic awards and so forth. Cunningham and Cordeiro 2000 write that two important aspects of
formal organizational structure are norms and roles. Scott in Cunningham and Cordeiro 2000 defines these two elements: norms are the two generalized rules
governing behavior that specify, in particular, appropriate means for pursuing goals; and roles are expectations for or evaluative standards employed in assessing
the behavior of occupants of specific social positions. Loveless and Jasin in Cunningham and Cordeiro 2000 writes that in addition to defining work roles
and authority relations, formal organizations also explicitly define and codify such
APPENDIX 1
details as the organization’s channels of communication, policies and procedures, and norms and sanctions.
Wahab 2008 states that there are some characteristics of formal organization: 1 the activities’ structure is arranged clearly; 2 communication in
the formal organization is arranged in a good order based on the organizer; 3 formal organization is permanent relatively in order to get the widest objectives
and long range plan; 4 formal organization is able to develop rapidly because of the raising of the specialization inside; 5 there are the personnel’s substitution,
elevation and stopping; 6 formal organization has norms as the policies including how to appointment of a chairman and personnel; 7 it is established rationally; 8
there are formal ways to solve the problems; 9 there are a hierarchy services within formal organization.
Smith 2001 states that formal education is the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded education system, running from primary school through
the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialized programs and institutions for full-time technical and professional
training. Faculty of Education 2008 states that formal learning refers to learning through a program of instruction in an educational institution, adult training centre
or in the workplace, which is generally recognized in a qualification or a certificate.
b. Non-Formal Education
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