f. The classroom language learning and language use outside the classroom are
linked
a. Definition of Tasks
Nunan 2004 defines tasks as „a piece of classroom work that involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing, or interacting in the target
language while their attention is focused on mobilizing their grammatical knowledge
in order to express meaning.‟ It should have a sense of completeness. It also should be able to stand alone as a communicative activity with a beginning,
middle and an end. He also divides tasks into real-world or target tasks and pedagogical tasks. Real-world tasks refer to uses of language in the world beyond
the classroom, while pedagogical tasks refer to those that occur in the classroom.
b. Task Components
Task components are very important in designing a task. It should be considered by English material developers in order to devise the tasks well.
Nunan 2004 states that a minimum specification of tasks will include: a
goals Goals are the general intentions behind any learning tasks. They make a
link between tasks and curriculum. It answers the question of why the learners learn English through the tasks. Goals may relate to some general outcomes
communicative, affective, or cognitive or describe teachers‟ or learners‟
behavior. It is not always described explicitly. It may be inferred from the tasks itself.
b input
It refers to the spoken, written, and visual data that learners work with in the course of completing tasks. It can be provided by teachers, textbooks, or other
sources. c
procedures It specifies what learners will do with the input. It describes techniques or
methods that are implemented in the classroom behavior. d
teacher role It refers to the part that teachers are expected to play in carrying out
learning tasks as well as the social and interpersonal relationship between the participants.
e learner role
It refers to the part that learners are expected to play in carrying out learning tasks as well as the social and interpersonal relationship between the
participants. f
settings It refers to the classroom arrangements specified or implied in the tasks.
c. Task Types
Pattinson 1987 in Nunan 2004 sets out tasks and activity types into seven categories.
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