c Materials should stimulate interaction.
d Materials should focus on formal aspects of the language.
e Materials should encourage learners to develop learning skills.
f Materials should encourage learners to apply their language skills to the
real life.
b. The Materials Development Model
Based on the principles of materials development, the model of materials development can be formulated. Hutchinson and Waters 1987 state that the
model of materials development consists of four elements: input, content focus, language focus, and task.
a Input
This can be a text, dialogue, or any piece of language use. It depends on the
learners‟ needs. The input provides stimulus materials for activities, new language items, correct model of language, topics for communication,
opportunities to use information processing skills, and opportunities to use the existing knowledge both the language and subject matter.
b Content focus
Language is a way of conveying information and feeling about something. We should exploit non-linguistic content to result the meaningful
communication.
c Language focus
Good materials should involve opportunities for analysis and synthesis. In language focus, learners study how to take the language into pieces, learn
how they work, then put them back together again. d
Task The main purpose of the language learning is the language use. Materials
should be designed to lead towards a communicative task in which learners use the content and language knowledge they built up through the
units.
6. Task-Based Language Teaching
According to Nunan 2004, tasks become important aspects in syllabus design, classroom teaching and learner assessment. It affects educational policy-
making in both ESL and EFL context. Task-based language teaching TBLT has strengthened the following principles and practices.
a. A needs-based approach is used to select the content.
b. The learners learn to communicate through interaction in the target language.
c. Authentic texts are introduced into the learning situation.
d. The learners focus not only on language but also on the learning process
itself. e.
Personal experiences become important contributing elements to the classroom learning.
