are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and what they do – the action” para. 5. The same idea comes from Abcarian and Klotz 1998 who define that
“character revealed by what persons do, say, and by what the other characters say or reveal” p. 21. Therefore, it can be said that character is the person in a
narrative work and her or his behavior or characteristic.
2.2.1.2 Kinds of Character
E.M. Forster divides “two kinds of character. Those are flat and round characters” as cited in Abrams, 1981, p. 155. A flat character is built around a
single idea or quality and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be described adequately in a single phrase or sentence. It is a
constant character acting as a good character. This character never change into bad characters. In other words, constant characters are static. In contrast, a round
character is not static. It is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to
describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real person, is capable of surprising us. It can change over the time and can be seen from many sides.
2.2.2 Characterization 2.2.2.1 Definition of Characterization
According to Abrams 1981 characterization is the person in a narrative; showing and telling. The method includes showing the character’s appearance,
displaying the character’s actions, revealing the character’s thoughts, letting the character speak, and getting the reactions of others. Additionally, Rohnberger and
Wood, Jr. 1984 defines “characterization as an author’s creative process in creating a character which consists of describing the character’s physical
appearances, style, manner, thought, action and other’s opinion about her” p. 231.
2.2.2.2 Ways to Characterize
Abrams 1981 states “that there are two ways for characterizing the persons in a narrative”. They are “showing and telling” p. 21. In showing which
is also called “the dramatic method”, the author merely presents his characters taking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motives and dispositions
behind what they say and do. However, the author may show not only external speech and actions, but also a character’s inner thoughts, feelings, and
responsiveness to events; for a highly developed mode of such inner showing. It means that the readers have to think about characters by themselves with some
certain attitude, behavior, speech, and thought shown by the author. In telling, the author himself intervenes authoritatively in order to describe
and often to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters. The author states the characters objectively, impersonally, and dramatically. This way
makes the readers are able to know the characters easily because the author has stated clearly.
2.2.3 Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 2003, there are “five kinds of approaches” pp. 6-13. They are “the formalist approach which insists on the
