11
measure how much progress has been made. Both forms of assesment are needed for effective reading instruction.
k. Culture factors. Culture knowledge affects reading comprehension.
Having rich but different types of cultural knowledge will affect undesrtanding and appreciation of written text.
l. Practice. Readers make progress by reading more.
There are six principles in teaching reading according to Jeremy Harmer. First, reading is not a passive skill; second, students need to be engaged with what
they are reading; third,students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the language; fourth, prediction is a major factor in
reading; fifth, the the task to the topic; and sixth, good teachers oxploit reading text to the full.
20
B. PARAPHRASING
1. Definitions of Paraphrase
According to kennedy paraphrasing is translating the author’s ideas into
our owns words.
21
Harry Shaw stated that “The paraphrase is a kind of report on reading that is frequently requie
rd in collage work. Where as a pre’cis is digest of the essential meaning of an original passage, a paraphrase is a full lenght
statement of that meaning. A paraphrase presents a free rendering of the sense of a passage, fully and proportionately, but in words different from the
original.
22
Meanwhile legget defined a paraphrase is kind of report on reading that is frequently required in college work. It is represents a free passage, fully and
proportionally, but in words different from the original.
23
A paraphrase is a short summary of a writer’s statement usually no more than a sentence in your own words concentrate only on what you think are the
20
Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach English, England: Addison Wesley Longman Limited,1998.p.70
21
Kennedy, Mary Lynch, William J. Kennedy, Hardly M. Smith, Writing in The Diciplines, New Jersey : Simon Chuster, 1987, p.20
22
Shaw, Harry, The Harper Handbook of Collage Composition 15th ed , New York : Harper and Row, 1981, p. 524
23
Legget, Glenn, C.D Mend Melinda G. Kramer, Handbook for Writers, New Jersey : Simon A Schuster, 1988, p. 470
