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No Concept
Sub concept Indicators
specific macro skills, strategies, and processes that involved in
fluent conversation
Teaching pronunciation
Nation, 2009 -
Patterns and rules to develop stable pronunciation
Designing speaking
techniques
Brown, 2001 -
Use techniques that cover the spectrum of learner’s need, from
language-based focus on accuracy to message-based focus on
interaction, meaning, and fluency
- Provide intrinsically motivating
techniques -
Encourage the use of authentic language in meaningful context
- Provide appropriate feedback and
correction -
Capitalize on natural link between speaking and listening
- Give students opportunities to
initiate oral communication -
Encourage the development of speaking strategies
3 MALL
Teaching speaking using
technology
Traxler 2007, in Muthukumarasa
my, 2013:330
Content:
- Open-endedness
- Personalization
- Time-critical nature
- Portability
- Measured delivery
- Aural medium
- Prioritizing medium
- Alternative medium
Learning activities:
- Behaviourist type: quick feedback
or reinforcement element -
Constructivist type: immerse experiences by mobile
investigations or games PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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No Concept
Sub concept Indicators
- Situated activity: use to access
information while moving around -
Collaborative learning: communication and information
sharing
- Informal and lifelong learning:
accompany users in everyday experiences and means of
communication of learning and resources
Design
- Support
communication and
collaboration -
Beaming of stored information from device to device
- Portable sound recording, video
recording, photos and video clips used in communication
. MALL
Android -
open source -
build using java script or block -
using web based graphical user interface and app’s behaviour in
blocks -
the features used for speaking e.g. text to speech and speech
recogniser PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there are five parts that are elaborated. Those are research method, research design, research setting and participants, data gathering technique
and the last part is data collection technique. Therefore, this chapter explains the methodology used in order to answer the research questions stated in chapter I.
A. Research Method
The research method used in this study is Research and Development R D that use the combination of the Hybrid model of instructional design. Research
and Development is applied because the researcher would like to design and develop an Android application for the nursing students which is effective and
acceptable to help them to learn speaking English. Research and Development R D is basically an industrial model which
the result of the research aims to find the new design procedure and product, which then are systematically field-tested, evaluated, and refined until they
meet specific criteria of effectiveness, quality or similar standards” Gall, 2001: p. 569.
The educational research and development is important in improving the education since it promotes a close connection between systematic program evaluation and
program development Gall, 2001. The research method is based on the Research and Development cycle
proposed by Borg and Gall 1983 which is combined with the Hybrid model of instructional design. There are ten steps in this cycle, which describe as follow:
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First, Research and information collecting Analysis which includes needs assessment, review of the literature, small-scale research studies, and preparation
of report on the state of the art. Second, planning Design in which in this step the skills to be learned is defined, the objectives are stated sequenced, learning activities
are identified, and small-scale feasibility testing is established. Third, Development of preliminary form of program Development includes preparation of
instructional materials, procedures, and evaluation instruments. Fourth, Preliminary field testing Evaluation. The program is given to just a few
individuals from the target population. The data resulted from interview, observational, and questionnaire are collected and analysed. Fifth, main program
revision Development which is based on results of preliminary field test. Sixth, main field testing Evaluation in which the program is given to
approximately twice as many as in preliminary field test. Pre-and post-program quantitative data on participants collected; results examined with respect to
program objectives and compared to controlcomparison group, when possible. Seventh, operational program revision Development which is based on results of
the main field test. Eighth, operational field testing Evaluation in which the program given to approximately twice as many as in main field test. Interview,
observational, and questionnaire data collected and analysed. Ninth, final program revision Development which is based on results of the operational field test and
the last is dissemination and implementation Delivery where the program is shared with others and implemented where appropriate.
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The first goal of this research is to develop the Android application based on MALL theories and Android features which are suitable to learn English speaking
skill. The second goal is to discover how the application is accepted by the users the nursing students to help them learning speaking English. Therefore, besides
developing the Android apps, the researcher also collected the data related to the students’ perceptions on using the application.
The researcher combined the R D cycle proposed by Borg and Gall which is in accordance with the Hybrid model of instruction by Passerini and Granger
2000. The hybrid model of instruction was chosen because it gives details and comprehensive steps which were previously used in designing e-learning. There are
five steps in the hybrid model, namely analysis, design, development, evaluation and delivery. The analysis stage represented the research and information phase of
R D, the second stage of hybrid model is design which represented the planning phase of R D. The development stage represented some phases of R D such as
development of preliminary form, main program revision, operational program revision and final program revision. The evaluation stage also represented some
phases of RD namely preliminary field testing, main field testing and operational program testing. The evaluation of the product takes place one after each phase in
R D, while in the hybrid model, the evaluation takes place in each of its stage. The last stage is delivery which represented the dissemination and implementation
phase of R D. Therefore, the research method was as follows. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
67
8
Figure 3.1. R D combined with the Hybrid model
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8
B. Research Design
This research is particularly on developing Android applications for nursing students in order to help them to learn speaking English using the Hybrid model of
instructional design. There are five steps in the Hybrid model, those stages are: 1 Analysis; 2 Design; 3 Development; 4 Evaluation; 5 Delivery. The
researcher also conducted the research based on the R D cycle developed by Borg and Gall 1989. However, the terms and steps used in this study were based on the
hybrid model of instruction. The first step was analysis which was conducted by studying theories related
to MALL Mobile Assisted Language Learning, teaching speaking, speaking skill, ESP English for Specific Purposes specially about nursing in this case English for
Occupational Purposes EOP, Instructional Design ID for designing the Android application. Besides studying some literatures, the researcher also studied the
syllabus as well as books used for nursing students. In this stage, the researcher conducted need analysis of the intended population as well. It is important to
identify the learners’ cognitive, social, physical and personal characteristics. Besides to analyse the intended population, the need analysis result was used to
discover the features needed to learn speaking English. In addition, the researcher also interviewed the English lecturer to gain more information related to the
teaching-learning activities, the use of materials and teaching techniques, the students’ proficiency level, the use of technology in the classroom, the problems
that both the teacher and students usually face during the teaching-learning process PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
