Research Objectives Research Benefits
interests. Kemp states that there are four factors influenced the students’ characteristics; those are academic factors, social factors, learning conditions and
learning styles. Knowing the learners’ characteristics is very important. It is important because it will support the achievement of the goals, topics, and general
purposes that have been stated in the first step. The third part is specifying learning objectives. The designer specifies the
learning objectives to be achieved by the students. Kemp states that objectives tell students about what goals they must attain. It means that all activities in teaching
learning process must be able to support the achievement of the learning objectives.
The fourth part is listing the subject content. Kemp states that students’ learning experiences must involve subject content. The designer makes the subject
content that is closely related to the objectives and the students’ needs. It means that the subject content should be included in the steps of designing the materials
because it is closely connected with the objectives and students’ need. The fifth part is developing pre-assessments. Kemp states that the designer
develops pre-assessment in order to know whether the students are ready to study the topic or not. The other reason is to know the students’ competence in some of
the stated objectives. Pre-assessment can be done through a placement and diagnostic test. It can be said that placement and diagnostic test will be helpful to
re-examine the topics and the stated objectives in order to help the designer to group the students based on their background knowledge.
The sixth part is selecting teaching learning activities and resources. The designer must determine the most efficient and effective methods. Then, the
8 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
designer selects materials to provide learning experiences. So, it will utilize the content associated with each objective.
The seventh part is coordinating support services. The designer should also consider the support services such as budget, personnel, facilities, equipment, and
schedules. Those support services are used to carry out the instructional plan. The instructional design plan cannot be produced without support services.
The eighth part is evaluating students’ learning. The last step should be done by the designer is stating evaluation. Evaluation is used to measure the
learning outcomes relating to the objectives. The evaluation is used as the basic to make revision.
Figure 2.1 Kemp’s Model: The Relationship of Each Step in the Plan to Other Steps Kemp, 1977