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extracurricular activity. Therefore, they can use the design materials as the guidance to design other speaking materials in different levels.
F. Definition of Terms
This section will discuss some definition of terms used in this study to avoid misunderstanding during the reading. They are elaborated below:
1. Design
According to Kemp 1977:8, design is a plan which is applied in every level of education and it has three essential and important elements
namely objective of the learning, the activities and recourses and evaluation. Closely related to Kemp’s definition, Hutchinson and Waters 1994:106
define designing as creating a new set of materials that fits the learning objectives and specific subject area of particular learners. In this study, the
term design is closely defined as those two proponents’ definitions where design considers a new set of English speaking instructional materials as the
subject area and Task-Based Language Teaching as the approach of determining the activities. Further, the 2
nd
graders of extracurricular class in SD Pangudi Luhur Yogyakarta are regarded as the particular learners.
2. Speaking instructional materials
Banathy 1976:16 defines instructional material as a system which includes the objectives, materials, and evaluation. Another definition comes
from Dick and Reiser 1989:3 who defines instructional materials as the materials designed or planned by the teacher for teaching instructions. In
this study, the definition of speaking instructional materials is a set of units
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which include activities involving speaking which can be used by the teacher or instructor in teaching the English extracurricular class in SD
Pangudi Luhur Yogyakarta for the 2
nd
graders semester 1. The speaking instructional materials include some utterances used in a daily conversation
which allow the students to improve their speaking skill. 3.
Task-Based Language Teaching TBLT According to Nunan 2004:4, Task-Based language Teaching is an
approach involving pedagogical tasks transferred from real-world tasks where the learners comprehend, produce, or interact with the target
language. Pedagogical tasks involve communicative language in which the user’s attention is focused on meaning rather than grammatical form. In this
study, the definition of Task-Based Language Teaching is close to Nunan’s definition where it uses tasks as vehicle to fulfill the communicative purpose
and offers the learners with the real life needs and activities. This study refers to Task-Based Language Teaching which particularly focuses on
beginners and young learners as the target learners. 4.
Extracurricular activity According to KTSP SD designed by BNSP 2006, extracurricular
activities are included into the programmed activity. The programmed activity has been planned in the classroom or school level. Extracurricular
activity should give additional knowledge and new elements in the society which are important for the students’ development. The extracurricular
activity could be in form of workshop, additional class for science,
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language, art and sport. In this case, the extracurricular activity includes additional class for English language mastery especially in accelerating
English speaking skill. The additional knowledge and new elements are given by providing the students with the communicative utterances used in
the daily conversation of the society. In this study, extracurricular activity includes the English teaching
and learning as the extra lesson which is aimed at giving a broader chance for the learners to practice speaking and make them able to start as well as
respond to simple daily conversation. The extracurricular activity is expected to develop the students’ capability in speaking skill in both
transactional and interactional functions of language. 5.
The 2nd Graders of SD Pangudi Luhur Yogyakarta The 2
nd
graders students are the students of SD Pangudi Luhur Yogyakarta who are in the 2
nd
level of elementary school. SD Pangudi Luhur Yogyakarta has five classes of the 2
nd
graders. In this study, the target learners are the 2
nd
graders who are taking English extracurricular activity. In the English extracurricular, the takers come from different class of 2
nd
grade. The 2
nd
graders extracurricular class is very unique since it includes some students from different classes.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
