outcome or goal, rather than to focus on the language form. In this study, a task is an activity that requires learners to use the target language in a meaningful way.
4. Task-based Learning Task based learning refers to a pedagogical approach derived from
communicative language teaching approach, which utilizes the use of language tasks as the central key in learning Richards and Rodgers, 2001. In this study, task based
learning is a method that uses tasks for learning. 5. The Staff of Bank Mandiri
The staff of Bank Mandiri are defined as a group of Bank Mandiri employees whose positions are as the Security, Customer Service Officer, Teller, Financial
Advisor and Branch Manager. 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter discusses the theories which support this study. It consists of two sections: theoretical review and theoretical framework. The first section discusses the
English for Specific Purposes, Speaking, Task Based Learning, Materials Adaptation, Instructional Design Models, and Journals in Language Teaching. Meanwhile, the
second section elaborates the framework synthesized from the discussed theories.
A. Theoretical Review
In this section, the writer discusses some theories of designing the speaking materials. This part provides the information relevant to the study, which will be used
as a foundation for the writer to design the instructional speaking materials using task-based learning.
1. English for Specific Purposes ESP
The staff of Bank Mandiri Yogyakarta have very limited time to study English because of their work. Consequently, it will be very difficult for them to learn English
from the beginning. Therefore, the most appropriate materials for them are the materials that are practical and applicable to their working situation. In other words,
English for Specific Purposes ESP, particularly English for Banking, is the one that suits their needs best. ESP is an approach to language learning, which is based on the
learners’ needs. It means that all the decisions in deciding the materials will be based on the learners’ needs. The result of ESP is a kind of materials that match directly
with the condition that they are going to encounter in their working field. Hutchinson and Waters 1987 divided ESP into two main types according to the reasons why the
learners require English for. They are English for Academic Purposes EAP and English for work or training EOPEVPVESL: English for Occupational
PurposesEnglish for Vocational PurposesVocational English as a Second Language. They propose the branch of English language teaching based on the
learners’ purpose as seen in Figure 2.1.
English Language Teaching
Fig
ure 2.1: The Branch of English Language Teaching Hutchinson and Waters, 1994
General English GE
English for Specific Purposes ESP
English for Occupational Purposes EOP
English for Academic
Purposes EAP
English for banking
English as LT 1 EMT
English as Foreign Language
English as L2 ESL
