An analysis of idiom translation of ice age : continental drift movie subtitle.

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ABSTRACT

Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University

Translating a literary work is a challenging job. There may be several problems that occur during the translation. One of them is cultural differences between the source language (SL) and target language (TL), especially the idiomatic meaning which is brought by the SL idiom. This problem might be encountered by the translators in translating the literary work such as subtitle. In this case, the subtitle is subtitle in Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. Because the focus of the study is about idioms translation, the researcher used this movie as the subject.

This research was conducted to find out the categories of the idioms in the subtitle and how the translator translated the idioms without reducing the idiomatic meaning from source language. The problem formulations for this research were formulated as: 1) Which categories of idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift? and 2) How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?

To answer the research problems, the researcher conducted a qualitative research by using document analysis. The data for this research were taken from the Indonesian and English subtitle script of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. In answering the first question, the researcher categorized the idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. Meanwhile, in answering the second question, the researcher identified the translation strategy of the idioms.

The researcher found 140 idioms in the subtitle. There were 81 categorized in pure idiom, 15 idioms categorized in semi idiom, and 44 categorized in literal idiom. However, there were only 137 idiom translated by means of Baker’s (1992) theory, 11 idioms used ‘similar meaning and form’, one idiom used ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, three idioms used ‘omission’, and 121 idioms used ‘paraphrase’. The other three idioms were translated using literal translation, which includes other finding of the research.

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ABSTRAK

Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma

University

Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra merupakan pekerjaan yang menantang. Terdapat berbagai masalah yang mungkin dihadapi saat menerjemahakan. Salah satunya adalah perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target, terutama makna idiomatik yang dibawa oleh sebuah idiom bahasa sumber. Masalah ini mungkin akan dihadapi oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra seperti subtitle. Subtitle yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah subtitle dalam film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Karena penerjemahan idiom menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini, maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan film ini sebagai subjek penelitian.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kategori-kategori dari idiom dalam subtitle dan bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom tanpa mengurangi makna idiomatik dari bahasa sumber. Rumusan-rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini diformulasikan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja kategori idiom yang digunakan dalam Ice Age Continental Drift? dan 2) Bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom-idiom dalam Ice Age Continental Drift?

Untuk menjawab rumusan-rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan sebuah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan dokumen analisis. Data untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari naskah subtitle Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dari film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Untuk menjawab rumusan pertama, peneliti mengategorikan idiom kedalam pure idiom, semi idiom dan literal idiom. Sementara itu, untuk menjawab rumusan yang kedua, peneliti mengidentifikasi strategi-strategi penerjemahan idiom.

Peneliti menemukan 140 idiom dalam subtitle. Terdapat 81 idiom dikategorikan dalam ‘pure idiom’, 15 idiom dalam ‘semi idiom’, dan 44 idiom dalam ‘literal idiom’. Namun, dari keseluruhan hanya terdapat 137 idiom yang diterjemahkan menggunakan teori dari Baker (1992). Diketahui, terdapat 11 idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning and form’, satu idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, tiga idiom menggunakan ‘omission’, dan 121 idiom menggunakan ‘paraphrase’. Sementara, ketiga sisanya diterjemahkan menggunakan ‘literal translation’, yang termasuk kedalam penemuan lain dalam penelitian.

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AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF

ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT

MOVIE SUBTITLE

A SARJANAPENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Theodorus Adhicahya Student Number: 111214039

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF

ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT

MOVIE SUBTITLE

A SARJANAPENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Theodorus Adhicahya Student Number: 111214039

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2015

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A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on

AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF

ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT

MOVIE SUBTITLE

Theodorus Adhicahya Student Number: 111214039

Approved by

Advisor

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A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesison

AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF

ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT

MOVIE SUBTITLE

THEODORUS ADHICAHYA Student Number: 111214039

Defended before the Board of Examiners on 11 December 2015

and Declared Acceptable

Board of Examiners

Chairperson :Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D. ________________

Secretary :Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. ________________ Member : Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd., M.Hum. _____________

Member : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. _____________

Member : Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum _____________

Yogyakarta, 11 December 2015

Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University

Dean

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I dedicated this

thesis to:

My beloved parents,

All my family and friends

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 11 December 2015 The Writer

Theodorus Adhicahya 111214039

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Theodorus Adhicahya

Nomor Mahasiswa : 111214039

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF

ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT MOVIE SUBTITLE

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk meyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk perangkat data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian Pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 11 December 2015 Yang menyatakan

(Theodorus Adhicahya)

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ABSTRACT

Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University

Keywords: Idiom, translation, subtitle, Ice Age: Continental Drift

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ABSTRAK

Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University

Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra merupakan pekerjaan yang menantang. Terdapat berbagai masalah yang mungkin dihadapi saat menerjemahakan. Salah satunya adalah perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target, terutama makna idiomatik yang dibawa oleh sebuah idiom bahasa sumber. Masalah ini mungkin akan dihadapi oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra seperti subtitle. Subtitle yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah subtitle dalam film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Karena penerjemahan idiom menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini, maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan film ini sebagai subjek penelitian.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kategori-kategori dari idiom dalam subtitle dan bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom tanpa mengurangi makna idiomatik dari bahasa sumber. Rumusan-rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini diformulasikan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja kategori idiom yang digunakan dalam Ice Age Continental Drift? dan 2) Bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom-idiom dalam Ice Age Continental Drift?

Untuk menjawab rumusan-rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan sebuah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan dokumen analisis. Data untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari naskah subtitle Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dari film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Untuk menjawab rumusan pertama, peneliti mengategorikan idiom kedalam pure idiom, semi idiom dan literal idiom. Sementara itu, untuk menjawab rumusan yang kedua, peneliti mengidentifikasi strategi-strategi penerjemahan idiom.

Peneliti menemukan 140 idiom dalam subtitle. Terdapat 81 idiom dikategorikan dalam ‘pure idiom’, 15 idiom dalam ‘semi idiom’, dan 44 idiom dalam ‘literal idiom’. Namun, dari keseluruhan hanya terdapat 137 idiom yang diterjemahkan menggunakan teori dari Baker (1992). Diketahui, terdapat 11 idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning and form’, satu idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, tiga idiom menggunakan ‘omission’, dan 121 idiom menggunakan ‘paraphrase’. Sementara, ketiga sisanya diterjemahkan menggunakan ‘literal translation’, yang termasuk kedalam penemuan lain dalam penelitian.

Kata kunci: Idiom, translation, subtitle, Ice Age: Continental Drift

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My gratitude goes to those who have given their time, advice, support, and prayer to help me accomplishing this thesis. First of all, I would like to express my deepest and greatest gratitude to The Almighty God and Lord Jesus Crist,

who always give me strength and blessing during my study.

I would express my other gratitude to my thesis advisor, Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd, M.Hum, for his time, patience, support, guidance, and feedback during the process of finishing the thesis. I also would like to thank him for not giving up on me so that I am able to finish this thesis.

My special thanks go to my academic advisor, Ch. Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M., for guiding me since my first year in ELESP and also for being a very great mother for us. My gratitude also goes to all of the staffs and lecturers of the ELESP for their guidance and the knowledge that they have shared during my study in ELESP Sanata Dharma University.

I would like to give my other special gratitude and thanks to my parents, Agus Aris Munandar and Veronica Tuwanti, for their love, patience, supports, and prayer. I would like to thank my sister, Rosalia Retno Widayati, my brother, Agustinus Cahyo Ristiawan, for their support and prayer. I also thank my relatives, and all of KETIB members for their support and prayer.

I express my thanks to all of my friends who have given their support and prayer, especially, Ginong, Yanu, Albert, Agung, Dony, Malik, Gerrard,

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Surya, Hanung, Indri, Raras, Fanny, Tata, Ovi, Ervin, Tutik, Erlin, Yulius Dony, Fian, Heni, Selma, Nini, Icho, Adi, Devina, and Puput. I would like to thank them for reminding me to do my thesis and also their support and prayer. Last but not least, my gratitude goes for those whose name I cannot mention one by one. I am really grateful to have all those people in my life. There is no words can describe my gratitude and thanks.

Sincerely,

Theodorus Adhicahya

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAANPERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiv

LIST OF FIGURES ... xv

LIST OF DATA ... xvi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Research Background ... 1

B. Research Problems ... 4

C. Problem Limitation ... 4

D. Research Objectives ... 4

E. Research Benefits ... 5

F. Definition of Terms ... 5

1. Idiom ... 5

2. Subtitling ... 6

3. Ice Age: Continental Drift... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7

A. Review on Related Study ... 7 xi

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B. Theoretical Description ... 9

1. Definition and Process of Translation ... 9

2. Type of Translation ... 11

3. Good Translation ... 14

4. Idiom ... 15

C. Theoretical Framework ... 26

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29

A. Research Method ... 29

B. Research Setting ... 30

C. Data Sources ... 30

D. Instruments and Data Gathering ... 30

E. Data Analysis Technique ... 31

F. Research Procedure ... 33

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 35

A. Categories of Idioms... 35

1. Pure Idiom ... 36

2. Semi Idiom ... 37

3. Literal Idiom ... 39

B. Translation Strategies of Idioms ... 40

1. Similar Meaning and Form ... 42

2. Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form ... 43

3. Paraphrase ... 44

4. Omission ... 46

C. Other Findings ... 48 xii

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 51

A. Conclusions ... 51

B. Recommendations ... 52

REFERENCES ... 54

APPENDIX ... 57

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Example of Word-for-word, Literal and Free Translation... 13 Table 2.2Structures of Phrasal Verb ... 19 Table 3.1The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice

Age: Continental Drift ... 32 Table 4.1Frequencies of idioms Categorization ... 35 Table 4.2 Frequencies of Translation Strategies ... 41

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Larson’s Translation Process ... 10 Figure 2.2 Baker’s Idiom Translation Strategies ... 25

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LIST OF DATA

Data 1. Pure Idiom Excerpt 1 ... 36

Data 2. Pure Idiom Excerpt 2 ... 37

Data 3. Literal Idiom Excerpt 1 ... 39

Data 4. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 1 ... 41

Data 5. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 2 ... 46

Data 6. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1 ... 46

Data 7. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1 ... 47

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the introduction of the study. It consists of six parts. They are research background, research problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

Language is a means of communication. It has both, literal and figurative meanings. Literal meaning is the direct reference of words or sentences. Meanwhile, the figurative meaning creates an image of the words or sentences which cannot be easily understood. Besides, figurative meanings are often culturally determined (Lazar, 2006). It makes figurative languages from one culture cannot be understood by people from other cultures. Figurative languages also take many forms, such as metaphors, similes, personifications, hyperboles, alliterations, cliché, and idioms. For example, the word “buaya” in Bahasa Indonesia has both literal and figurative meaning. Its literal meaning is a crocodile as an animal, while its figurative meaning is playboy or womanizer.

Those figurative languages, especially idioms are usually taught to the English learners. By using those figurative languages, they are not only learning the language but also the culture of the language itself since it stems from the underlying values and assumptions of culture or society (Lazar, 2006). Hence,

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2 learning idiom or figurative language for English learners is important. Thus, teachers use many methods in teaching the idiom to the students, starting from the traditional one to the modern one. Besides, they are also able to use media such as magazines, newspapers, movies, or songs to teach the idioms.

Nowadays, movie has become something that cannot be separated from human life. Many movies with various genres have been released each year, starting from drama, comedy, action or animation. People are interested in it, because it is entertaining. It can be put into consideration for the teacher to use movie in teaching the students. It is because by watching movie, they are able to see the context where the idiom is used. According to Bello (1999), movie is a form of communication, which enables the students to see body and speech rhythm in second language discourses through observing the use of authentic language and intonation in various situations. In addition, a translated subtitle is also provided in the movie which helps the students to understand the meaning of the idioms.

In translating subtitle, translators need to understand the source language of the movie, especially when it is about figurative language such idiom. Lazar (2006) points out that figurative language may have the literal and metaphorical meaning. Thus, it can have different meaning from its basic meaning. Duff (1981) also adds that an idiom expression involves the figurative word of language and it has a meaning that cannot be directly translated. For example is Dia dibawa ke meja hijau, karena kejahatannya. The meaning of the phrase meja hijau is not a table with green color but it means the court. Hence, the translators should always

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consider the language before translating the subtitle, since the language is seen as a medium for expressing universals and personally as well (Newmark, 1988). Nida as quoted by Hatim and Mason (1990) also states four basic requirements of translation, they are (1) making sense, (2) convey spirit manner of the original, (3) having natural and easy form of expression, and (4) reproducing a similar response.

Translating English idioms become the researcher’s interest. It is because translating idiom is not only transferring the meaning but also understanding the source language culture. It also related to the researcher’s experienced when the researcher took translation classes. The researcher found that translating idiom is an interesting subject to be analized. The researcher uses Ice Age: Continental Drift movie as the subject of the research. This movie is the fourth movie in Ice Age saga. It is an animation comedy movie which was released in 2012. It tells about the journey of Manny the mammoth, Sid the sloth and his grandma, and Diego the saber tooth. In this movie, they are trying to get back to the herd and have to fight with the pirates in their way back. This movie also has many idioms in its conversations. Therefore, the researcher chooses this movie as the subject of the research. This research aims to analyze the category of the idiom used in this movie and also find out the strategies to translate those idioms.

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4 B. Research Problems

In order to achieve the objectives, there are two questions which are formulated in this study related to the topic, which is an analysis of idioms translation in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.

1. Which categories of the idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift? 2. How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?

C. Problem Limitation

This research is limited to the idioms of the movie. The limitation is conducted since the concern of the study is to analyze its idioms, especially the categories of idioms and the idioms translation strategies which are used in the movie. The categories of idioms used in this research are pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom. Those categories were proposed by Fernando (1996). The idioms translation strategies are using four strategies proposed by Baker (1992) which are: (1) using idiom of similar meaning and form, (2) using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3) translation by paraphrase, (4) translation by omission. The researcher decides to limit into those strategies since those are mostly used in translating idiom.

D. Research Objectives

There are two objectives that are going to be achieved in this study. First, it aims to find out the categories of the idioms in the movie. Second, it aims to

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find out and describe the idiom translation strategies which were applied by the translator.

E. Research Benefits

The result of this research will give the benefits for the following group of language users. They are English learner and future researcher. For English learner, the research findings would give more knowledge to the English learners about the categories of idiom. In addition, it also gives them knowledge about the idiomatic translation strategy. Thus, it enables them to make a better translation of idiom.

For future researcher, the research findings can be used as the reference for other researchers in the future who are going to conduct the same research or study about the translation and idiom.

F. Definition of Terms

In this section, definition for some terms is given in order to give the similar understanding between the researcher and the reader of this study.

1. Idiom

Idioms are type of informal English that have different meaning from the original meaning. Chaer (1986) also adds it is an expression which carries a metaphorical sense and its meaning is difficult be predicted either lexically or grammatically. Idiom in this research also includes figure of speech, and slang (Hockett, 1958).

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6 2. Subtitling

Subtitling is one of types in screen translation. It is a text which is usually found in the bottom of the movie, television or DVD. According to Gottlieb (2004), it is a diasemiotic translation in polysemiotic media, including films, TV and DVD in a form of one or more lines of written text presented on the screen in sync with the original dialogue. Similar to Gottlieb, O’Connell (2007) also defines subtitling as supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding written text on screen.

3. Ice Age: Continental Drift

Ice Age: Continental Drift is a 2012 animation movie directed by Steve Martino and Mike Thurmeire and written by Michael Berg, Jason Fuchs, and Lori Forte. It was produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Animaton. This movie is the fourth sequel of Ice Age movie. Ice Age (2002), Ice Age: Meltdown (2006), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) were the other three movies before it was released.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some theories which are going to be used to achieve the objectives. It consists of three parts. They are review on related study, theoretical description, and theoretical framework.

A. Review on Related Study

In this part, the researcher discusses the related study to the research which was conducted by the researcher. It is done in order to show the position of the researcher’s research. The researcher includes the related study so that the readers are able to know the focus of this study compared to other studies which used Ice Age movies series. There are two related studies which used the serial of Ice Age movieas the subject of the research.

The first is an undergraduate thesis which was written by Kurniadi (2012) entitled The Equivalence and the Acceptability of irritation expression translation in the subtitle of the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. In her thesis, Kurniadi focused on the equivalence and acceptability of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur, especially the irritation expressions in the movie. In her research, she had three objectives. First objective was to examine the equivalence of TL subtitle to the SL text. Second, she analyzed the acceptability of the translation of the irritation expression in the subtitle. Third, she analyzed the relation between equivalence and the acceptability of the translation. This study used empirical research

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8 method. This method is done by collecting the data and giving some questionnaires to some respondents.

Compared to the study conducted by Kurniadi (2012), this research has some similarities related to Kurniadi’s research. Both researches are dealing with the translation and its equivalence between the SL text and the TL text. However, the focus of this research is from Kurniadi’s. In Kurniadi’s (2012), the focus of the study is one the translation of irritation expressions. Meanwhile, this research is more focus on the idioms translation in the movie. Furthermore, the researcher used the fourth sequel of Ice Age series, which is Ice Age: Continental Drift.

The second related study is an undergraduate thesis which was written by Baskara (2013) entitled An Analysis on the Verbal Humor and the Consistency of the Indonesian Subtitle in Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. In his thesis, Baskara analyzed the translation of the verbal humor and the consistency of the TL subtitle. He had two objectives in his research. The first one was to find out the types of verbal humor the subtitle of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur and second was to determine whether the verbal humor is consistently translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Baskara used qualitative research method in a form of content analysis to do his research.

The difference between those researches and this research is that in Baskara’s research, he analyzed the type and the translation consistency of verbal humor in the third sequel of Ice Age series, which is Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaur. However in this research, the researcher has different concern. The researcher’s concern is the idioms in the fourth sequel of the Ice Age series.

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Finally, in this part, the researcher showed that there is no other studies which conduct the research on idiom translation in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.

B. Theoretical Description

In this part, the researcher discusses the theories which are going to be used in the research. Generally, there are two theories that would be discussed in this chapter. Those theories are theory of translation and theory of idiom. Theory of translation consists of the definition of translation and type of translation. Meanwhile the theory of idiom consists of the definitions, types and categories, and the translation strategies of idioms.

1. Definition and Process of Translation

According to Catford (1974), translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Larson (1984) also states that translation consists transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. However, translation has gone beyond the text itself, culture also plays a role in it. Accordingly, translators should be aware during the translation process. Larson (1984), states that the goal of a translator is to communicate the meaning of idiomatic translation from source language into the natural form of the receptor language. Thus, understanding the meaning of the source language text becomes the priority for a translator in idiomatic translation. The process of translation from Larson is represented in Figure 2.1. From the Figure 2.1, it shows that the goal of the translation is the

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10 meaning. It shows the stages which have to be done. Thus, it is necessary to maintain the meaning from the source language in the target language.

Duff (1981) proposes the principles of translation. Those principles are the basic principles which are relevant to the translation. They are meaning, form, register, source language influence, style and clarity, and idioms. First, the translation should reflect on the meaning of the original text accurately. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though some part of the meaning can be ‘transpose’. Second, the ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match to the original as closely as possible. However, the difference in language structure often requires changes in the form and the order of words. Third, languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context. Translator should distinguish between formal or fixed expression and personal expression, in which the writer or speaker sets the tone. In this case translator might consider the

SOURCE RECEPTOR

Discover the meaning Text to be translated

Meaning

Re-express the meaning Translation

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intension of the writer or speaker and whether the expressions are formal/informal, cold/warm, or personal/impersonal.

Fourth, many translations do not sound natural in the target language. It is because the translator’s thought and choice of words are influenced by the source language. A good way to overcome this problem is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences from memory to get the natural pattern of thought in the first language. Fifth, the translator should not change the style of original text, except the text is sloppy written or full of tedious repetitions. The last principle is about idiom. Duff (1981) also states that the idiom such as similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings, jargon, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs cannot be translated directly.

2. Type of Translation

Catford (1965) classifies the types of translation in terms of extent, levels and ranks. In term of the extent of the source language, Catford distinguishes the type into full translation and partial translation. This distinction relates to the extent of SL text which is submitted to the translation process. In full translation, the SL text is entirely translated into TL text material. Therefore, each part of the SL text would be replaced with the TL text. On the other hand, partial translation only translates some parts from the SL text and left the rest of the parts untranslated. In some cases, such in literal translation, this kind of situation is considered as a common thing. It is either because they are regarded as “untranslatable” or for the deliberate purpose of introducing “local color”.

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12 The second type is classified based on the level of the source language text. He devides it into total and restricted translation. This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. Total translation may be defined as the replacement of the SL grammar and lexis by the equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of the SL phonology/graphology by the non-equivalent TL phonology/graphology. In restricted translation, the SL text material is replaced by the equivalent TL text material, at only one level. It means that the translation happens only at the phonological or at the graphological, or only at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.

The last distinction in translation related to the rank in a grammatical or phonological hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established. In the normal total translation, the translation equivalence may be set up at any rank and it constantly changes; at one point, it is sentence-to-sentence, at another, group-to-group, at another, can be word-to-word. However, it is still possible for the equivalence to happen in only one rank which is called by rank-bound translation.

The popular terms, such as free, literal, and word-for-word translation partly correlates with the distinction. Free translation is always unbounded. This translation tends to be at the higher ranks. It is sometimes larger than the sentence. Word-for-word translation usually means what it says. In other word, it is at word-rank which may include some morphemes equivalence. Literal translation is just like word-for-word translation, but it is more grammatical in the TL than the word-for-word translation. Newmark (1988) adds that it means the SL grammatical constructions are converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the

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lexical words are again translated one by one, out of context. In order to make a clear understanding about the distinction between word-for-word translation, literal translation, and free translation an example from Catford (1965, p. 26) is provided in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Example of Word-for-word, Literal and Free Translation (Catford, 1965 p. 26)

SL text TL text

Tuhan bersama mereka

God with them! (Word-for-word)

God is with them! (Literal)

Never mind about them! (Free)

From Table 2.1 can be seen that word-for-word translation performed only in the word rank. Literal translation performed a higher level from word-for-word translation and more grammatical. Then, free translation performed interchangeable with the SL text in situation where the addressee is being advised to dismiss or disregard a triviality.

Different from Catford (1965), Larson (1984) only classifies translation into two types, form-based and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of source language and it is knows as literal translation. On the other hand, meaning-based translation tries to communicate the meaning of source language in the natural form of the target language. This kind of translation is known as idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translations use the natural form of the receptor language, both in grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. Therefore, the idiomatic translation sounds more like it is originally written in the receptor language rather than a result of translation.

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14 3. Good Translation

According to Newmark (1988), there is no such a thing like perfect, ideal or correct in translation, but a satisfactory translation is always possible. Larson (1984) argues that an ideal translation is also possible to be achieved. He states that a translation is considered as ideal translation if it is accurate to both the meaning and naturalness to language form used. Therefore, a translator is concerned that his work should be a good quality translation. In order to achieve a good or acceptable translation, Larson (1984) proposed three characteristics of it.

First, a good translation transfers the meaning of the source language accurately. It means that the translator should translate the meaning as closely as possible to the original message. In other word, there is no need to add any information which was not really in the source language. If a translator unconsciously adds or omits information, the meaning result would be different from the source language, which makes it into inaccurate translation. Second, a good translation should be clear. It means that the meaning of the translation itself should be easy to understand by the target reader. Thus, it can communicate the same meaning or idea to the target language speakers as same as what the source language speakers have. Third, a good translation should sound natural to the target language. It means that the translation should be translated the way the target language speakers speak or write. Therefore, the target readers will read the translation as if it was not a translation. In conclusion, translation is considered as good if it is accurate, clear and natural.

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4. Idiom

This part discusses several theories related to idiom. It includes the definitions, types, categories and the translation strategies of idioms. The discussions are as follows.

a. Definition of idiom

According to Saussure (1989), an idiom is a reflection of the individual characteristics of a community. It means that idiom is also related to the culture of the community. It is because every language has different characteristic of idioms, since it is bounded to each culture.

Moon (1998) states that idiom is an ambiguous term. It is because idiom has two main meaning. First, idiom is a particular manner of expressing something in language, and second, it is a particular lexical collocation or phrasal lexeme. Cooper (1999) also states that idiom is an expression which cannot be translated from the usual meaning of its constituent elements. McCarthy and O’Dell (2010) also share the similar definition of it. They state that idioms are fixed combination of words whose meaning is often difficult to guess from its individual words. Take a look at the idioms “raining cats and dogs” if it is analyzed from its individual words, raining means ‘water falls from the sky in small drops’ and cats and dogs are kinds of an animal. Therefore, when it is translated literally, it becomes ‘animals which falls from the sky’. However, the meaning which wants to be conveyed is that ‘it is heavy rain’. Therefore, it can be concluded that idioms are words or phrases which have different meaning from its literal meaning. However, some of the types and categories of idiom have both

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16 literal and figurative meaning. Those types and categories will be discussed in the following section.

b. Type of Idiom

Based on Hockett (1958) as cited in Strassler (1982), idiom consists of six classifications or types. They are substitute, proper name, abbreviation/clipping, English phrasal compound, figure of speech and slang. Those types are presented as follows.

1) Substitute

Hockett (1958), states that a substitute includes personal pronouns and numbers. In this type, the word “I”, “you”, and “he/she” can happen to be the same idiom if they denote the same person. For example, if a speaker says he is almost there without any context, other speakers will not know what the word he refers to. The word he is commonly known as a specific male human or perhaps pet. Hence, the other speakers will not know it until the further notice.

It also happens for the numeral. According to Hockett (1958), numbers, which are probably classed as substitute, show a similar variation of specific reference. For example, the answer four can be given to variety of questions, i.e. How old are you?, What time is it?, What page is that on?, or How many children do you have?. At last, the substitute would have to be modified as to its domain-tie or its type, or both in order to create the grammatical pattern of the language which is altered.

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2) Proper Name

A proper name is a symbol which designs an entity of which there is only one (Hockett, 1958). The use of proper name in one language can be different from others because it does not have a similar connotation to the proper name meaning in another language. In all human communities, there are certain recurrent idiom-creating events called naming. Naming is not only for human, but also places, animals, spirits or vehicle. This phenomenon sometimes can lead to misunderstanding. For example, I have Sally to accompany me. The word Sally is usually used as a name of a female person. However, it can probably be used as a name of a doll or an animal.

The grammatical properties of proper name might also deviate from those of the most similar ‘ordinary’ words. For a language which has noun as one of the part of speeches, then names are almost invariably nouns. However, it does not apply to the name of place. It is because sometimes the name of place appears to be locative particle. In English, the name of cities, rivers, and lakes are never preceded by an article, such as New York, or Lake Michigan. However, some might have article the preceding the name permanently, such as in The Mississippi, which is the name of a river.

3) Abbreviation/Clipping

Third is abbreviation or clipping. Abbreviation or clipping is the use of a part for a whole. It can also be in a form of letters which stand for a name. Thus, it only mentions a part of a word for the whole word. Hockett mentions that in English, abbreviation is usually used to replace a long word or phrasal compound

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18 by its first or stressed, syllable, whether or not that syllable has previously been a morpheme. The example of this type is ‘plane’ for ‘airplane’ or ‘aeroplane’, ‘cam’ for ‘camera’ or ‘gents’ for ‘gentleman’or ‘gentlemen’.

Another abbreviation can also be formed from the initial of the full name. This kind of abbreviation is usually used for organizational name. It happens because the organization has long name. For example, ‘UNESCO’ stands for ‘United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’, or in Indonesia there is DPRD, which stands for ‘DewanPerwakilanRakyatDaerah’. 4) English Phrasal Compound

According to Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997), English phrasal compound is a way to form new words by combining two existing words. Katamba (1993) states that based on its components, English phrasal compound consists of compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb.

First is compound noun. Compound noun is a phrase which contains a combination of lexical categories which make a noun as the head of the phrase. Katamba, (1993) states that it may contain a noun followed by another noun as in ‘daylight’, an adjective followed by a noun as in ‘hothead’ or a preposition followed by a noun as in ‘afterword’. Besides, Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997) add another compound noun which consists of a verb followed by a noun as in ‘crybaby’.

Second is compound adjective. This compound makes an adjective as its head. A compound adjective consists of an adjective followed by another adjective (can be a past participle of a verb) as in ‘redheaded’, a noun followed by

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an adjective as in ‘daylong’, or a preposition followed by an adjective as in ‘overripe’.

Third is compound verb. Compound verbs in English are usually known as phrasal verbs. According to McCarthy and O’Dell (2010), there are four structures of phrasal verbs. Those structures are shown in a Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Structures of Phrasal Verb

No Structures Example

1. Verb + Preposition Come across

2. Verb + Adverb particle Give up

3. Verb + Object + Adverb particle

Verb + Adverb particle + Object

Pick him up or

Pick up it

4. Verb + Adverb particle + Preposition Run out of time

5) Figure of Speech

According to Bain (1967), figures of speech all conduce to the greater effectiveness of style; they either present a thought more vividly to the intellect, or operate more powerfully upon feelings. Wren and Martin (1981) state that figure of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of expression in order to produce a greater effect. That definition also shares the same idea as Perrine (1992), who states that figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way. The language that uses figure of speech is called a figurative language. Little (1985) classifies the figures of speech into three classifications. He divides those classifications based on comparison, association, and other figures of speech. a) Comparison

Comparison is divided into five types. They are simile, metaphor, personification, analogy, and hyperbole. Simile and metaphor have similar

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20 definition which is comparison between two things (Wren & Martin, 1981). They also add, what makes simile different from metaphor is that simile is usually indicated by the existence of comparative conjunction such as “like” or “as” to compare two things, while metaphor is not. For example, ‘He is like a pig’ is comparing two things, which is “he”, whose characteristic is like a “pig”. That example is simile because it has a comparative conjunction, which is “like”. It would be different if the sentence is ‘he is a pig’. That sentence is still comparing two things but does not use any of the comparative conjunction. Thus, that is called metaphor.

The next type is personification. According to Gill (1985), personification is used to express the abstract idea of inanimate objects, or aspect of nature which is described as it is human. The example of this figure of speech is “the flame of the candle dance in the dark”. Analogy is a bit different from metaphor which compares two different things. It is a comparison between things which have similar features, and often used to help explain a principle or idea. Last one is Hyperbole. Based on Bain (1967), hyperbole consists of magnifying objects beyond the natural bounds. It is created by exaggerating the form of statement, the thing is represented as either greater or smaller, better or worse than it really is. b) Association

Association consists of metonymy and symbolism. Based on Tarigan (1985), Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something which closely associates with that

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thing or concept. The example is BMW, which is a name of a car. In this case BMW is considered as metonymy because it is associated to the rich people.

Symbolism is usually existed in a literary work. It uses an object which represents or symbolizes ideas or meaning other than its literal meaning. For example is the word rose. In literary work, if a character gives rose to another character, it may function or symbolize love.

c) Other Figures of Speech

Little (1985) mentions some other figures of speech which are not included in the previous classification. Those figures of speech are apostrophe, irony, paradox, synecdoche, allegory, euphemism, and exclamation. Apostrophe is a figure of speech which is used when a person who did not exist is spoken. The example of this figure of speech is “Oh God, please bless us”. The next figure of speech is irony. Based on Tarigan (1985), it is used to mention the opposite meaning of a word. People who are sarcastic are accustomed to use this figure of speech. For example, He is genius, that he cannot recognize his own motorcycle.

Tarigan (1985) defines paradox as a figure of speech which always ends with the opposite word. For example He feels lonely among the crowd. The words lonely and crowd seem to be the opposite word. Thus, it is one of the paradoxes. Synecdoche is a figure of speech which mentions a part for a whole or a whole for a part (Tarigan, 1985). For example, let’s count how many head there are. The word head is considered as synecdoche because it represents a person not only ahead.

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22 Allegory, based on Tarigan (1985), is an improved metaphor. It is usually in a form of story which has value. For example is Cerita si Kancil. Next is euphemism. Euphemism, according to McCarthy and O’Dell (2010), is a figure of speech that avoids the use of words which may offend or be considered unpleasant. For example, the phrase pass away is more polite than died to express sympathy to the death of someone who is respected. The last is exclamation. It is a figure of speech which is used exclamatory form to draw greater attention to a point.

6) Slang

Another type of idioms is slang words. According to Dumas (1978), slang words can be associated with a language, which uses the non-standard vocabulary. Eble (1996) adds that slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that the speakers used to establish and reinforce the social identity or cohesiveness within a group in the society. Another definition is also given by Kernerman (2006), who states that slangs are words and phrases (is often used temporarily), which are used very informally. Because of its informality, slang words only restricted to a certain group of people. Leech and Svartvik (1981) state that slang is a language which is very familiar in style, and is usually restricted to the members of a particular social group, such as teenage slang, army slang or theatre slang. The example of slang is “wanna” which means “want to” or “gonna” which means “going to”.

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Based on its closeness in structuring the meaning, Chaer (1986) divides idioms into two categories. First is pure idiom (idiom penuh) and second is semi idiom (idiom sebagian). Different from Chaer, Fernando (1996) categorizes idioms into three. The two of the categories are similar to Chaer’s, namely, pure idiom and semi idiom. However, in his theory, he adds one more category, which is literal idiom.

Pure idioms are a sort of idioms in which the elements constructing the idioms have lost their lexical meaning or become non-literal (Chaer, 1986). This definition is agreed by Fernando (1996), who defines that pure idioms are always non-literal, however, they may either invariable or may have little variation. It can be said that each of the word in it is become one entity. Thus, the meaning of the idioms cannot be translated literally. For example, “gulung tikar” means “bankrupt”. From the example can be seen that the words gulung and tikar cannot be translated into “roll” and “mat”. However, they are translated as an entity, which means “bankrupt”.

Based on Chaer (1986), semi idioms are a sort of idioms in which there is still the lexical meaning in a part of the elements constructing idioms. Fernando (1996) also adds that it can be said to have one or more literal constituents and one with non literal sub sense. In other words, semi idioms can be said to have both, literal and non literal constituents in it. For example is “white lie”, which means “saying something which is not true to deceive someone with good intentions”. In this idiom, the word “lie” is still maintaining its lexical meaning

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24 which is “saying something which is not true to deceive someone”. However, the word “white” has lost its lexical meaning, which is “a color like that of snow”.

The third category is literal idiom. Fernando (1996) states that it allows little variation. Thus, it can be considered to be transparent. Zarei and Nahid (2012) also state that the transparent idioms are those idioms which are easy to comprehend and translate. In addition, their meaning can be derived from the meaning of their constituent parts, e.g. of course, for once, all right.

d. Strategies of Idioms Translation

Translating idioms might become a problem for a translator. It is because the difficulty in interpreting the meaning of it in the source language. The misunderstanding of the translator interpretation might emerge the ambiguous meaning of it. That might be the major problem for the translator to face. As Baker (1992) believes that the ability to recognize and interpret an idiom correctly and difficulties in rendering various aspects of meaning into the target language become the main problems that idiomatic and fixed expressions pose. Furthermore, he also mentions some other problems which a translator may face. First, some idioms may have no equivalence in the TL. Second, some idioms may have a similar counterpart in the TL, but its context use may be different. Third, sometimes an idiom in the SL refers to both literal and idiomatic sense. Fourth, in a written discourse, the contexts in which idioms can be used and their frequency of use may be different in the SL and TL.

As stated before, idiom cannot be translated directly from its constituent elements. It makes the translators have difficulty in translating the idiom.

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However, Baker (1992) had defined four strategies in translating idioms as shown in Figure 2.2:

The first strategy uses the idiom in target language which conveys the same meaning as the idiom in source language and consists of equivalent lexical item. Thus, the translation should be translated as equivalent as possible to the source idiom. The idiom half-hearted is one of the examples which is able to use this strategy. This idiom means to do something lack efforts and enthusiasm. In Bahasa Indonesia, this idiom can be translated into setengah hati. It has the similar meaning as half-harted and it also has the similar form as half-harted.

The second strategy is to translate the source idiom by using idiom which has the same meaning but uses different form or lexical items. It is used if the translator cannot find the similar meaning and form in the target language. It is often possible for translator to use the idiom with the similar meaning but dissimilar form. For example is the English idiom even maestros make mistake, which means nobody is perfect. This idiom is equivalent to Indonesian idiom sepandai-pandainya tupai melompat pasti akan jatuh juga. Those idioms share

Idiom Translation Strategies Similar

meaning and form

Similar meaning, but dissimilar form

Paraphrase Omission

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26 the similarities in words maestro and tupai. Both of them are used to describe the something which seems to be perfect in its field. Maestro is person who is skillful in playing or conducting music, while tupai is an animal which is skillful in jumping from one tree to another.

The next strategy is to use paraphrase to translate the idioms. This strategy is used if the translator cannot find the idioms in the target language which conveys the same meaning. In this situation, paraphrasing or writing the meaning of idiom is the way to translate the source idiom. For example, Indonesian expression tikus kantor which means a corruptor. Translators should not translate it into office rat because it will have different meaning. Therefore, the word corruptor is better to translate the source idiom.

The last strategy is omission. It is the last strategy that a translator can do in translating the idiom. For some reasons, a translator may omit the idiom in the target text. It is because it has no similar or close meaning in the target text, its meaning is difficult to be paraphrased, or for stylistic reasons.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this part, the researcher discusses the theories used in this study. This study focuses on the translation of idioms in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. The researcher formulates two problems in order to achieve the objective of this study. Those problems are related to the categorization of idioms and the idiom translation strategy applied in translating the idioms.

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In order to solve those problems, the first thing to do is to have the knowledge about the translation and idiom itself. The researcher cited some definitions and more explanation from Newmark (1988) and Catford (1965) about the definition of translation and the literal translation. The researcher also cited a theory about the classification of a good translation from Larson (1984). Those theories helped the researcher to have the necessary knowledge of translation which was needed in the research. In addition, those theories kept the analysis of the study staying on the track. Besides, the researcher also used Duff’s (1981) theory about the principles of translation. This theory was used to help the researcher to see the basic requirements of translation. The researcher also provided the criteria for a good translation from Larson (1984). Those theories were used to analyze the translation result in this research. It was used in order to analyze whether the translation result is acceptable or not.

Beside the knowledge about translation, the researcher also needs more knowledge about the idioms. Thus, theories from (Cooper (1999); McCarthy and O’Dell (2010); Moon (1998); Saussure (1989)) about idiom were provided. They point out that idiom is bounded to the culture of a community or group of individual. Another point which can be concluded from those experts is that idiom is an expression an expression which cannot be translated from the usual meaning of its constituent elements. Thus, those have created a clear image about the definition of the idiom. Besides, the researcher also provided the type of idiom from Hockett (1958). This theory supported the researcher in analyzing the data.

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28 To answer the first problem, the researcher used Fernando’s (1996) and Chaer’s (1986) theories about categories of idiom. Fernando (1996) defines that there are three categories of idiom, namely, pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. Different from Fernando, Chaer (1986) only categorizes idom into two categories, namely, pure idiom and semi idiom. The also He categorizes idioms into two categories based on the closeness of their elements in structuring the meaning. Those categories are pure idiom and semi idiom. Besides, the researcher also included Fernando’s (1996) theory about the categories of idiom to complete Chaer’s theory. In his theory, Fernando adds one more category which is literal idiom. Thus, the researcher used the combination of both theories in order to get the better analysis in categorizing the data.

The second problem is about the translation strategies. In this part, the researcher used strategies proposed by Baker (1992). She proposes four strategies in translating the idioms. Those strategies are (1) using idiom of similar meaning and form, (2) using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3) translation by paraphrase, and (4) translation by omission. They helped the researcher to recognize the translation strategies in translating the idioms and it will also become the answer for the second problem.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used to answer the research problems. There are six parts in this chapter. They are research method, research setting, data sources, instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This research used qualitative research. It was chosen because the research was going to deal with documents and description analysis, which did not need any statistic formula. As Huda (1999) proposes, those which do not utilize statistical analysis and are confirmed to description of concepts or phenomenon categories are termed qualitative. Thus, this method was considered as suitable for this study.

The researcher also used document analysis which also belongs to qualitative research. It was supported by Ary, Jacobs and Sorensen (2002), who stated that “it is a research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of identifying specific characteristic of the materials”. It was also added that the materials could be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of the host of other type of documents. Related to the theory, the researcher’s documents were English and

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30 Indonesian subtitle of the Ice Age: Continental Drift. The method was conducted because the researcher wanted to analyze the idiom in the movie.

B. Research Setting

This research was conducted from August to November 2015. The researcher collected the data from the English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. There was no specific place in conducting the research. It is because the subjects of this research were the English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.

C. Data Sources

The data sources of this research were English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. It is a 2012 animation movie directed by Steve Martino and Mike Thurmeire and also written by Michael Berg, Jason Fuchs, and Lori Forte. This movie is the forth sequel of Ice Age movies. Ice Age (2002), Ice Age: Meltdown (2006) and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) were the other three movies before it was released.

D. Instruments and Data Gathering

In order to analyze the data, the researcher used the document analysis. The documents that were used in this research as the data resource were the script of English and Indonesian Subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. Harvey (2012) states that a document refers to any cultural products such as hard-written

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documents including letters, printed documents, printings, photographs, charts, maps, newspaper, video television programs and films. The Indonesian subtitle was retrieved in August, 3 2015, from http:/subscene.com/u/596363 and it was translated by Pein Akatsuki, the member of IDFL.us sub crew.

The main instruments for this research were Ice Age: Continental Drift subtitle scripts and Ice Age: Continental Drift movie which was released in 2012. In gathering the data, the researcher watched the movie and read the subtitle of the movie. While doing them, the researcher listed down the idiom found in the English subtitle. The next thing to do was, the researcher found the translation of the idiom in the Indonesian subtitle and put them into the table. Afterward, the researcher classified the idiom and analyzed the translation strategy.

The researcher also used some online dictionaries as the references. Those dictionaries are used to help the researcher find the literal meaning or the meaning of the idiomatic words and phrases. Thus, both, the main instrument and dictionaries helped the researcher in finding and analyzing the data.

E. Data Analysis Technique

Since the research method was qualitative research, there were three general steps in analyzing the data. Creswell (2007) proposes that those three general steps are preparing and organizing the data, reducing the data through process coding, and representing the data.

In preparing and organizing data, the researcher watched and read the English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. Then, the

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32 researcher listed the idioms found in it and searched the translation on the Indonesian subtitle.

The second step was reducing the data through process coding. In this part, the researcher categorized the English idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom as proposed by Fernando (1996). Then, the researcher also analyzed the translation strategy of those idioms using Baker translation strategy. The final step was presenting the data. The data were presented through table.

Table 3.1 The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift

No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies

… … … … …

70 00:38:57--> 00:39:00

They think we're

screw-ups

and we can't do anything right.

Mereka berpikir kita

pengacau

Dan tak bisa melakukan hal yang benar.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

… … … … …

Table 3.1 was used to present the data of this research. In this table, the researcher put the idioms and the categorization of which the idiom belongs. Through this table, the researcher analyzed the idioms and categorized them into pure idiom, semi idiom or literal idiom. In addition, the researcher also put the English and Indonesian idioms in this table, which later, those were compared and analyzed which strategy that was used to translate the idiom. Through this table the researcher was helped to make the data easier to be presented.

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F. Research Procedure

This part explains the research procedures which were done by the researcher in conducting the research. Those procedures were collecting the data, categorizing the idioms, analyzing the translation strategy, and drawing conclusion. Those procedures were presented as follows.

The first step which was done by the researcher was collecting the data. In collecting data, the researcher searched the idioms in the English subtitle script. The researcher also watched the movie in order to see the context of the idioms. Afterward, the researcher listed all of the idioms that were found in the English subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. In addition, the researcher listed the translation of the idioms found. It was done in order to make the analysis easier. Furthermore, the researcher used the reference from dictionaries to make sure the idioms.

The second step, the researcher categorized the English idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom. The researcher used the idiom dictionary to find the meaning of those idioms. It was done to make sure that the researcher categorized them correctly. This process became the answer of the first problem formulation.

After the researcher had categorized each of the idioms, the researcher analyzed the translation strategies which were used to translate the idioms. In analyzing the data, the researcher put the listed idioms in both, SL and TL, in a table. Afterward, the researcher compared them and matched them to the idiom

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34 translation strategies which were proposed by Baker (1992). This process was done in order to answer the second research problem.

The last step of the research was that the researcher drew a conclusion from the analysis of the data and described the analysis. The conclusion showed the research findings of this research. It discussed the answer of both problem formulation, types of the idioms and the idiom strategies which were used in translating them. This step also included the description of some of the idioms meaning, which were considered to represent each of the category and strategy.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings of the research. There will be three parts in this chapter, namely categories of idioms, translation strategies of idioms and other findings. In the first part, the researcher presents the answer for the first problem formulation, which is ‘What are the categories of idiom used in Ice Age Continental Drift?’. In the second part, the researcher presents the strategies in translating the idioms in the subtitle of the movie. It is also used to answer the second problem formulation, which is ‘how does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?’.

A. Categories of Idioms

This part presented the categorization of the idioms based on the combination between Chaer’s (1986) and Fernando’s (1996) theory. Accordingly, the idioms were categorized based on the closeness of their elements in structuring the meaning, namely, pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. The researcher found 140 idioms in the movie. They consisted of 81 pure idioms, 15 semi idioms and 44 literal idioms.

Table 4.1 Frequencies of idioms Categorization

No. Categories Frequency Percentage

1. Pure Idiom 81 57.9%

2. Semi Idiom 15 10.7%

3. Literal Idiom 44 31.4%

Total 140 100%

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1. Pure Idiom

Referring to Chaer’s (1986) and Fernando’s (1996) theory, pure idioms are a sort of idioms in which the elements constructing the idioms has lost their lexical meaning or become non literal. Thus, the meaning cannot be predicted from each of the word or cannot be translated literally. In the findings, most of the idioms belonged to pure idiom, which were 81 idioms. It can be said that this category dominated the categorization of the data found in the subtitle.

Excerpt from 00:58:35 --> 00:58:44

Sid : Oh, yeah! Love.

Diego : You mean with the pirate? No.

Sid : Shira's gotten under your skin. Come on, admit it.

Data 1. Pure Idiom Found in Excerpt 1

The first example of pure idiom found in the subtitle was that gotten under your skin. If it is translated literally it becomes Shira telah berada di bawah kulitmu. However, the meaning of it will have the different meaning from its intended meaning, which is to annoy or irritate someone. Actually, this meaning has two different interpretations. The first interpretation of this idiom is to annoy or irritate someone, which makes someone get provoked. The second interpretation is to affect someone very strongly which makes him difficult to forget. From Data 1, the second one is the most appropriate meaning. It is because in the movie, Shira has affected Diego’s feeling that he cannot forget her. In the TL subtitle, this idiom was paraphrased into Shira membuatmu jatuh cinta. This paraphrase had represented the meaning of this idiom. If the literal meaning is compared to those meanings, the meaning is far from the actual meaning. It is

(56)

because each element of this idiom has lost its lexical meaning. Thus, the researcher categorized it into pure idiom.

The second example is also found in the phrase have each other’s back. This phrase literally means to get the back part of someone’s body. In contrary, this idiom means to protect each other so that there is no one who will attack. In other word, this phrase can be interpreted as to help each other. From Data 2 it is shown that the phrasehave each other’s back is a pure idiom since it has lost its lexical meaning. Therefore, this idiom was categorized into pure idiom.

The researcher categorized these idioms into pure idiom because both of them had lost their lexical meaning. The meaning which was brought by those idioms did not have any connection to the each element constructing them. In addition, although some of them were translated literally, they are still considered as a symbol and bring their idiomatic sense with them. Other pure idioms which are not mentioned in this part also still have their idiomatic sense with them. Therefore, they are still in the line with the definition of pure idiom mentioned previously.

2. Semi Idiom

Semi idioms are sort of idioms in which there is still the lexical meaning in a part of the elements constructing idioms (Chaer, 1986). In other word, semi

Excerpt from 00:45:09 00:45:12

Shira : A herd. What's the difference?

Diego: We have each other's backs.

(57)

38 idioms are constructed from one or more literal constituents and one non literal sub sense (Fernando, 1996). In the findings, the researcher found 15 idioms which included in this category. This category was the least idiom category which was found in the subtitle.

The first example of this idiom is piracy doesn’t pay. Actually, this idiom is adopted from crime doesn’t pay. It was done because in the movie, the one who did a crime was a pirate. In addition, there is a similarity between crime and piracy, which is both of them are doing an illegal activities. Meanwhile, the word pay literally means ‘to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided’. The meaning of piracy doesn’t pay is not ‘an illegal action which does not give money for something or services provided’. However, it means ‘every illegal or bad action should be caught or punished’. In the TL subtitle, it was translated into perompak tak tau aturan. This translation is considered less accurate because the idiomatic meaning of the idiom was not represented in TL subtitle. The target reader will not get the same understanding or interpretation as the source language speakers. This idiom categorized in semi idiom because one of the parts in this idiom still maintained its lexical meaning, which is piracy.

The next example is drawing my bath.Drawing means ‘the act of making a picture with a pencil or a pen’. However, in this idiom, it had lost its lexical meaning. On the contrary, bath or bathtub (US) is maintaining its lexical meaning as ‘a long plastic, metal or ceramic container which is filled with water’ (“Bathtub”). Thus, the meaning of this idiom is not ‘making a picture of a long

(1)

No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies braid each other's fur

now?

sama lain, sekarang ?

84 00:45:11--> 00:45:12 We have each other's backs.

Kami saling membantu.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

85 00:45:25 --> 00:45:26 He has no idea what

he's up against.

Dia tak tahu apa yang

dia hadapi.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

86 00:46:14 --> 00:46:15

Of course, Captain.

Tentu saja, Kapten. Literal idiom Paraphrase

87 00:46:15 --> 00:46:18

We're setting sail for vengeance, lads.

Kita akan berlayar

Untuk balas dendam.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

88 00:46:32 --> 00:46:36 Did you sink your fangs into him?

Apa kau

menancapkan taringmu padanya ?

Pure idiom Similar meaning and form

89 00:46:32 --> 00:46:36 Did he beg forhis life?

Apa dia memohon untuk hidupnya?

Literal idiom Paraphrase

90 00:46:36 --> 00:46:38 No, the saber took me down.

Tidak, si harimau itu

melumpuhkanku.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

91 00:47:06 --> 00:47:09

Out of my way, saber.

Minggirlah dari jalanku, Harimau.

Pure idiom Similar meaning and form

92 00:48:02 --> 00:48:04

Let me at him! Yeah!

Berikan dia padaku! Yah!

Pure idiom Paraphrase

93 00:49:28 --> 00:49:30 - It worked, he bought it!

- Itu berhasil, dia

terpancing!

Pure idiom Paraphrase

94 00:49:32 --> 00:49:35 I know, I'm having a blast.

Aku tahu, aku merasa akan meledak.

Pure idiom Similar meaning and form

95 00:49:35 --> 00:49:38 No, pinhead, they're stealing my ship.

Bukan, bodoh, mereka mencuri kapalku.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

96 00:49:59 --> 00:50:02 Come on, we've got to

Ayo, kita harus mengejarnya

(2)

No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies

catch it

before it hits open water!

Sebelum berada

diperairan terbuka!

97 00:51:29 --> 00:51:32 I can't hold on much longer.

Aku tak bisa

menahannya lebih lama lagi.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

98 00:51:50 --> 00:51:52

I've got your back.

Aku akan

melindungimu.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

99 00:52:17 --> 00:52:20

So long, banana breath.

Usaha yang bagus, nafas pisang.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

100 00:55:22 --> 00:55:24 - This is so cool. - It's like we're upside down.

- Ini sangat keren. - Seolah kita terbalik.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

101 00:55:22 --> 00:55:24 - This is so cool. - It's like we're upside down.

- Ini sangat keren. - Seolah kita

terbalik.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

102 00:55:38 --> 00:55:40 Yeah, come clean, Peaches.

Ya, jawab yang jujur, Peaches.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

103 00:55:55 --> 00:55:56

Busted.

Ketahuan. Pure idiom Paraphrase

104 00:56:06 --> 00:56:08

He even runs away like a loser.

Dia bahkan lari seperti pecundang.

Pure idiom Similar meaning and form

105 00:56:18 --> 00:56:22 I know, right?

This humidity, I can't stand it.

Kau tahu 'kan ? Kelembaban ini, aku tak tahan lagi.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

106 00:56:45 --> 00:56:48 Hey, Peach, loosen up! Have some fun.

Hei, Peach,

tenanglah!

Tadi menyenangkan.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

107 00:57:16 --> 00:57:18 We're the same species,

genius.

Kita spesies yang sama, bodoh.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

108 00:57:58 --> 00:58:02 I'll push him

Aku akan

mendorongnya ke

(3)

No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies overboard.

You guys say it was an accident.

laut.

Kau anggap saja itu kecelakaan.

109 00:58:14 --> 00:58:17 I can't eat, can't sleep. Maybe I'm coming down with something.

Aku tak bisa makan, tak bisa tidur. Mungkin sesuatu sedang menimpaku.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

110 00:58:41 --> 00:58:44 Shira's gotten under your skin.

Shira membuatmu jatuh cinta.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

111 00:58:49 --> 00:58:52 No, no, no. You guys are dead wrong.

Tidak, tidak, tidak. Kalian salah mengiranya.

Semi idiom Paraphrase

112 01:00:21 --> 01:00:24

Wait a minute. Ellie would never say that.

Tunggu dulu. Ellie Tak pernah

mengatakan itu.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

113 01:02:54 --> 01:02:56 We need to keep a lookout for home.

Kita harus terus

mencari jalan pulang.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

114 01:03:10 --> 01:03:12 You can't take your eyes off her

for one minute.

Kau tak bisa

mengalihkan matamu darinya.

Semi idiom Paraphrase

115 01:01:21 --> 01:01:23 Five more seconds and we'd have been

goners.

Lima detik saja Dan kita pasti sudah

mati.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

116 01:03:17--> 01:03:18 Hey, brain trust...

Hei, juru kemudi ..,.. Pure idiom Paraphrase

117 01:03:18 --> 01:03:20

brace for impact.

Bersiaplah untuk tabrakan.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

118 01:03:51 --> 01:03:54 You ever say

something

you knew you couldn't

take back?

Kau pernah bilang sesuatu yang tak bisa kau tarik lagi?

Pure idiom Similar meaning and form

119 01:03:55 --> 01:03:57 I messed up so bad,

Aku begitu sangat

kacau, Ibu.

(4)

No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies

Mom.

120 01:03:59 --> 01:04:03 Cute boys can whiplash your brain.

No doubt about that.

Seorang pemuda memang bisa mengacaukan otakmu. Tak perlu diragukan lagi.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

121 01:04:05 --> 01:04:06 And you figured it out.

Dan kau sudah

menyadarinya.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

122 01:04:14 --> 01:04:16

What's going on?

Apa yang terjadi? Literal idiom Paraphrase

123 01:06:44 --> 01:06:46 I'm just returning the favor.

Aku hanya ingin semuanya impas.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

124 01:07:02 --> 01:07:04 Who brought the muscle to the party?

Siapa yang membawa

tukang pukul ke pesta ?

Pure idiom Paraphrase

125 01:07:32 --> 01:07:34

Let's dance, hero.

Mari berdansa, pahlawan.

Pure idiom Literal translation 126 01:08:06 --> 01:08:07

Let me at him.

Biarkan kulawan mereka.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

127 01:08:25 --> 01:08:28 Well, I guess we

showed them, huh?

Kurasa mereka takut pada kita.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

128 01:08:34 --> 01:08:36 Maybe that crazy old bat

isn't that crazy after all.

Kurasa Nenek tua ini tak gila sama sekali.

Semi idiom Paraphrase

129 01:08:39 --> 01:08:40 Nope, she's nuts.

Tidak, dia memang gila.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

130 01:08:44 --> 01:08:45

Get in.

Masuklah. Literal idiom Paraphrase

131 01:09:14 --> 01:09:15

Back off.

Mundur. Literal idiom Paraphrase

132 01:09:29 --> 01:09:30

piracy doesn't pay.

Perompak tak tahu aturan.

(5)

No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies

133 01:10:29 --> 01:10:31

Payback time.

Saatnya membalas dendam.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

134 01:10:58 --> 01:11:00 My daughter's all

grown up.

Puteriku sudah

dewasa.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

135 01:11:50 --> 01:11:53 you won't take up much space

once I flatten you.

Kau tak akan

memakan tempat

Setelah aku menggencetmu.

Pure idiom Similar meaning but dissimilar form 136 01:13:37 --> 01:13:40

I told you

your father would never

give up on us.

Sudah kubilang, Ayahmu tak akan

menyerah mencari kita.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

137 01:14:18 --> 01:14:20 you never leave a friend behind.

Kau tak akan pernah

meninggalkan temanmu.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

138 01:15:40 --> 01:15:43 You heard me.

You two should go out

and explore.

Kalian mendengarku. Kalian boleh pergi

dan menjelajah.

Literal idiom Paraphrase

139 01:15:44 --> 01:15:45

Go where the day takes you.

Pergilah selama matahari bersinar.

Pure idiom Paraphrase

140 01:16:01 --> 01:16:03 Okay if we hang with

you guys?

Hei, boleh kami

bergabung dengan kalian ?

Pure idiom Paraphrase

Frequency of the use of idiom categories

No. Categories Frequency Percentage

1. Pure Idiom 81 57.9%

2. Semi Idiom 15 10.7%

3. Literal Idiom 44 31.4%

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Frequency of the use of idiom translation strategies

No Strategies Frequencies Percentage

1. Similar Meaning and Form 11 7.9%

2. Similar Meaning Dissimilar Form 1 0.7%

3. Paraphrase 122 87.2%

4. Omission 3 2.1%

5. Literal Translation 3 2.1%

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