Develop the theme Determine the purpose Determine the grade level Determine the number of players Determine the format Determine the method of checking

31 on those research objectives, the researcher employs several theories as basis to reach those objectives. The first objective is to design the over-sized Snake-Ladder game to introduce English vocabulary in support of the development of multiple intelligences among kindergarten students. The researcher considers the theory proposed by Campbell et al. 1996 that board games can set fire to students’ enthusiasm of learning. Additionally, games with movable pieces often challenge a player’s foresight and imagination as well as exercise memory skill and visual- spatial intelligence Campbell et al, 1996. The researcher also pays attention to theory proposed by Suyanto 2007 about young learner characteristics i.e. young learners’ love everything cheerful and colorful; especially they are interested in doing fun things p. 16. Therefore, the researcher chooses a board game, namely the Snake-Ladder game as medium to teach English. Next, the researcher needs to change the Snake-Ladder game into an educational game to be used as medium to teach vocabulary. The researcher uses the theory proposed by Bell and Wieckert 1985 about how to construct games p. xix. Those eleven steps of constructing games are integrated with the rules of playing the over-sized Snake-Ladder game throughout the following steps:

1. Develop the theme

The researcher develops the theme of the game based on the English teacher guideline of TK Kanisius Kotabaru, Yogyakarta. Since the over-sized Snake- Ladder game is designed as medium in teaching English, the theme should be 32 close to the students’ world. Therefore, the researcher takes names of fruits as the theme of the over-sized Snake-Ladder game.

2. Determine the purpose

The researcher decides the purpose of the over-sized Snake-Ladder game. The purpose of this game is to introduce names of fruits to pupils of TK Kanisius Kotabaru, Yogyakarta. Additionally, it aims to develop Gardner`s Multiple Intelligences.

3. Determine the grade level

Since the over-sized Snake-Ladder game is created as supporting medium to teach English, the grade level of the game is for class B of TK Kanisius Kotabaru, Yogyakarta . Additionally, the difficulty of playing this game is adjusted to the skills and the materials which are stated in the game instruction.

4. Determine the number of players

Since the over-sized Snake-Ladder game is implemented in the process of teaching English vocabulary, all students in class B of TK Kanisius Kotabaru, Yogyakarta should be involved in playing this game. However, students should play and gather in a small group.

5. Determine the format

The researcher chooses the Snake-Ladder game as the format of supporting media to teach English vocabulary to the students of TK Kanisius Kotabaru, Yogyakarta. The researcher chooses the Snake-Ladder game because it can cover the purposes, the needs, and the abilities of the students. 33

6. Determine the method of checking

The researcher finds a method of checking to the outcome of the game. In this study, the researcher asks a media specialist for check the designed game.

7. Design and gather the materials